P.5 ENGLISH LESSON NOTES TERM I – III 2017

ASPECT ONE:  PUNCTUATION
A.  CAPITAL LETTERS
A	B	C	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N 
O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Use of capital letters
(i)	At the beginning of the sentence; e.g.  My father is a good man in our village.
(ii)	At the beginning of proper nouns; e.g.  names of people, cities, lakes, mountains, countries, rivers, days , months , streets  etc. e.g.   Musoke  , Kampala , Victoria  ,  Elgon , Uganda ,  Nile  , Sunday  , February ,  William street  respectively.
(iii)	Writing abbreviations    e.g.   P.L.E.  ,  U.P.E  ,  D. E. O   etc   
(iv)	Pronouns I  e.g   You  and  I are friends.
(v)	To begin in direct speech.  E.g  The teacher said,  “ Go  out!”
(vi)	To begin word  He, Him, His  -  If they are relating to God.

EVALUATION ACTIVITY
Punctuate the following sentences correctly.  
1.	a snake bit jenifer yesterday 
2.	the little boy drowned into lake kyoga
3.	I was going to church when i met tumwine at lubaga.
4.	Entebbe guitar singers with their play omuzira mu bazira are going to stage it at gombe.
5.	out teacher mr.  nkaayi is to wed tomorrow.
6.	by Friday , she will have finished the homework
7.	this soil has lost its fertility and I won’t plant in crops.
8.	the oc would like to see the following persons engage anguye and bukane
9.	the highest mountain in Uganda is mt. rwenzori
10.	Tanzania is neighbouring Uganda in the south.
11.	jane said, “I am very ill”
12.	my brother told me to meet him on nkurumah street 

LESSON   2
b. Full stop  ( . ) 
i)  Put at end of a complete sentence. E.g Kampala is the capital city of Uganda.
ii)  Used in abbreviations  e.g.  U.P.E  , P.S.V,  Ms.  Dr.  etc  

EVALUATION 
Punctuate the following sentences.
1.	That boy is my friend.
2.	I don’t have any pen to use.
3.	The OC old Kampala will visit our school next week.
4.	Mary said, “ I am going to church”.
5.	“I won’t attend the party,” said the angry man.
6.	The thief ordered, “open the door”.
7.	jesus loves us a lot
8.	I once lived in tanzania and Nigeria
9.	that car belongs to martin.
10.	there are many islands in kampala district

LESSON 3
Question mark
Used at the end of a question or interrogative sentences .e.g. Where are you going?
EVALUATION  
Punctuate the following
1.	do you remember where she lives.
2.	how do you do 
3.	where does your father work
4.	is it time for lunch 
5.	how do you come to school 
6.	the teacher said, “why are you late”
7.	did you see an accident on jinja road last Tuesday
8.	which car does your father drive
9.	are young children allowed to drive
10.	how old is your youngest sister

LESSON 4
Exclamation mark ( !) 
Used to show surprise, admiration or fear e.g.  My God!   What a dirty plate that is! 
Its used on exclamatory words e.g. Hurrah!, Oh!, Alas!, Ah!, Ooops!, Hullo!

ACTIVITY  
1.	What a lovely dress this is 
2.	Oh cried the girl 
3.	What an old man your father is 
4.	Hurrah I have got this number correct
5.	How deep this hole is 
6.	Hullo you are welcome 

LESSON 5
Comma ( ,  ) 
Used when listing things e.g. he bought a ball , pencil, pen and hut.
Used in address or date e.g.	Sir Apollo School,
					P.O.Box  4096,
					Kampala 
Salutation e.g.
Dear Dad,
(i)	Used after “yes” or “No” at the beginning of the sentence.  E.g. No, that you.
(ii)	Yes, I shall go 
(iii)	Used in expressions like   On the other hand, however, additionally, on top of that, for instance, by the way       further more etc.
(iv)	Used to set off the name of the person addressed e.g. Why do you come with us, Peter?
(v)	Used in speeches e.g., Mary said, “ I will help you”.
(vi)	Used in question tags e.g. She is beautiful, isn’t she?

EVALUATION ACTIVITY  
Punctuate the following 
1.	no she only owns a motor cycle 
2.	“I will come tomorrow” said john
3.	Tuesday 11th april 2008 
4.	Sir apollo Kaggwa primary school 
P.O.box 4321
Kampala
5.	where are you going john
6.	east africa is made up of uganda kenya tanzania rwanda and burundi 
7.	here is some chocolate . no thank you 
8.	she is a short bright brown girl 
9.	today is Monday 18th January 2009 
10.	The boy said “ I am eleven years old”

LESSON 6
APOSTROPHE (  ’  )
(i)	Used to replace an omitted letter e.g.  can’t , don’t  etc .
(ii)	used to indicate ownership or possession  e.g. Mary’s dress,  Uganda’s  etc
(iii)	Use to form the plural of letters, signs and figures e.g.  Mary writes her  ts’ correctly
(iv)	For nouns which end with letter ‘s’ we only add the apostrophe e.g. Moses’ shirt,  Jesus’ name

EVALUATION ACTIVITY  
Write out the following putting in the possessive case
1.  The man went to the ( chemist) shop.
2.  The name of Mrs. ( Musoke) dog was Micky 
3.  Have you seen ( Henry) new bicycle? 
4.  We heard the ( men) shouts in the distance.
5.  My (sister) friend is coming to tea.
6. Moses bicycle got a flat tyre.

Re – write changing the underlined to contractions
7.  Jane does not eat meat.
8.  We cannot go with you.
9.  My parents are not happy with my performance.
10.  I shall not come to school tomorrow.
11.  You will not watch TV if you do not complete the homework.

LESSON   7     
Quotation marks ( “    ”  )
Used to enclose words of a direct speech.  E.g.  “Come in,” said the teacher.  “Where is your pen?”  Said Mary.

EVALUATION  
Punctuate the following sentences
1.	my teacher said I am very good at english.
2.	how do you come to school asked the headmaster 
3.	where is your homework said mummy
4.	my father said I will buy you a present is you do well
5.	the teacher said I have taught you for a long time.
6.	he has been playing volleyball said ivan.
7.	we have been digging said the girls
8.	I broke my friend ruler said my brother
9.	she was lying to me said namulesa
10.	our aunt said I had taken my watch for repair 

WEEK TWO 
LESSON 8
ASPECT:  NOUNS 
A noun is a name of anything.  It can be a name o f a person, animal, place or things.  Nouns are in four kinds i.e. proper nouns and common nouns. Abstract nouns and collective nouns.

Proper nouns
A proper noun is a particular name of a person or thing.  Names of people , books, places etc. are examples of proper nouns,  All proper nouns are written beginning with a capital letter.
Examples
Gloria,  Nakitende,  Junior English,  Bwaise , Rwenzori, Nile, Kenya, Africa, Nairobi, Sunday , October  etc  

EVALUATION 
Identify the proper nouns and punctuate correctly
1.	My father will go to Nairobi next week.
2.	Mr.  buyondo teaches English  in primary five.
3.	river nile is the longest river in the world.
4.	nairobi , kampala, Kigali, dodoma, Bujumbura are cities in east Africa.
5.	Mr.  hills is a Briton by nationality 
6.	my eldest brother is busy at makerere university.
7.	treasure island is a very interesting book.
8.	musa, wabwire and nakanjako are friends.
9.	when will you go to kasese to visit the queen Elizabeth national game park?
10.	my brother  is very poor at mathematics.

LESSON 9 AND 10
COMMON NOUNS  
Common nouns are used to name only one class, people, place or things  e.g  girl , tree,  town , etc
They are sub – divided in singular and plural, countable and un countable nouns.  Nouns that mean “only one” are singular.  Nouns that mean “more than one” are plural. 
(i)	most nouns form their plural by adding  “s”   e.g. animals, houses , dogs, books, spaces  etc
(ii)	Some nouns form their plurals by adding “ es”
a)	Nouns that end in a hissing sound  e.g.
dress   -  dresses                            	  box  -  boxes                		             torch      -  torches 
brush  -  brushes                             	 church  - churches           		branch   -  branches 
inch   -  inches                               	 fox  - foxes   

b)	Some nouns that end in ‘o’ add ‘es’ 
Potato  -  potatoes                        	mosquito   -  mosquitoes 
Hero   -  heroes                             	cargo    -  cargoes  

c)	Other nouns that end in ‘o’ add only ‘s’
Photos, pianos, dynamos, radios, studios, videos, bamboos, igloos, eskimos

d)	Nouns that end in “f”  or  “fe”  form their plurals by changing  “f”   or  “fe”  to “ves”  
leaf  - leaves                  hoof   - hooves                 wife   -  wives                   thief  -  thieves  
half  -  halves                 wolf  -  wolves                 knife   -  knives      

Exceptional 
chiefs, hoofs, roofs, gulfs, staffs, beliefs, stuffs, handkerchiefs  

e)	Nouns that end in “Y”  make their plurals by changing  “y” into “ies”  
baby   -   babies                              army   -  armies                 factory   -  factories 
lady   -  ladies                                 city   -  cities                      party   -      parties 
fly  -  flies                                        body   -  bodies               

f)	There are one or two nouns that don’t follow any of these rules.
Examples
Man  - men                   	child  - children               	ox  - oxen  
Woman  -  women        	foot  - feet                     	tooth   -  teeth 
Goose  -  geese              	mouse  -   mice              	sheep   -  sheep 
Deer   -  deer                  	dozen  -  dozen           	furniture   -  furniture  
Focus – foci / focuses 	vertex – vertices 		oasis – oases 
Aquarium – aquaria 

g)	Common nouns that end with ‘y’ preceded by a vowel letter simply take ‘s’ in their plural 
Examples
Donkey – donkeys 		valley – valleys 			tray – trays 
Key – keys 			day – days 			turkey – turkeys 
Spray – sprays 			trolley – trolleys 			boy – boys 
Toy – toys 			railway – railways 

EVALUATION 1
Write the plural of the underlined words.
1.	The child came into the room 
2.	A lady gave the girl the key 
3.	The cat caught the mouse.
4.	The leaf fell from the tree
5.	The ox pulled the cat.
6.	The army went into the battle.
Re – write the sentences giving the plural form of the underlined words.
7.	The nurse carried  a baby.
8.	A thief stole watches and the boxes of jewellies.
9.	A wolf killed a sheep.
10.	This furniture is very expensive.

EVALUATION 2
Write the singular form of the underlined words.
1.	The gentlemen filled the glasses with soda.
2.	We saw geese and foxes.
3.	The boys have nice watches.
4.	The armies fought a hard battle.
5.	The at caught some mice.
Rewrite the sentences giving the singular forms of the underlined words.
6.	The feet of the deer crushed the flower.
7.	Birds sang on the branches of a tree
8.	A boy was tending some sheep in the field.
9.	The man put the books on top of the shelves
10.	the women had knives.

LESSON    11
COMPOUND NOUNS
These are nouns with more than one noun.  Some of the compound nouns take a hyphen while others don’t.
Egs of compound nouns that don’t take a hyphen
Blackboard  - blackboards                     employment  - employments
Armchair   -  armchairs                          homework    -  homeworks
Spoonful   -  spoonfuls                           handkerchief  -  handkerchiefs
Handful – 
Headmaster 

Compound nouns that take a hyphen
Step – son		-		step –sons
Step – mother		-		step – mothers
Co – workers		-		co – workers
X – ray			-		X- rays 
Mouse – trap 		-		mouse – traps
Bye – law		-		bye -  laws
Tooth – brush		-		tooth brushes
Girl – guide		-		girl – guides
Check – point		-		check – points
Cob  - web		-		Cob – webs
He – goat 		- 		he – goats 
Egg – plant		-		egg – plants 
Foot – path 		-		foot – paths 
Check – up		-		check – ups 
Exceptional 
Man – servant 		- 		men – servants 
Compound nouns which affect the first word only
Passer – by 				-	passer – by 
Sister – in – law			-	sister – in – law
Head – of  - state			-	heads – of  - state  
Prefect – on – duty 		-	prefects – on – duty 
Master – on – duty 		-	masters – on – duty 
Commander  - in  chief 		 -	commanders – in – chief 
Guest  - of – honour     		 -   	Guests  - of – honour  
Father  in – law			-	fathers – in – law
Office – in – charge		-	Officers – in – charge 
Master – of – ceremonies 	 -	masters – of  - ceremonies 

EVALUATION
LESSON   12    
Write the plural of the underlined words.
1.  The rebels are fought by the commander – in – chief.
2.  The baby was given a spoonful of medicine.
3.  This passer – by  has escaped from prison.
4.  The classroom block was measured with a tape – measure.
5.  A – tug – of – war is an interesting game.
Rewrite the sentences giving the plural form of the underlined words.
6.  Our head – of – department is very hardworking.
7.  A toothbrush is sold in our shop.
8.  That member – of – staff is going to be transferred.
9.  Who is the prefect – on – duty this week.
10.  We saw many head – of – cattle at the road side.

LESSON   13    
COLLECTIVE NOUNS
These nouns stand for a lot of things /individuals.  We call them collective nouns because they refer to collections of things, people, items  etc.
Examples

A gang of thieves				
A packet of cigarettes
A flock of sheep				
A fleet of cars
A team of oxen				
A heap of soil 
A troop of lions				
A heap of soil 
A swarm of bees				
A bouquet of flowers
A set of furniture				
A brood of chicken 
A forest of trees
A leap of leopards
A troop of monkeys
A crowd of people
A troupe of dancers
A company of actors
A choir of singers
A gang of prisoners
A mob of disorderly people
A congregation of worshipers
A bundle / bunch of keys 
A cluster of bananas
A mouthful of food
A pack of cards
A herd of cattle 
A pocketful of money 
A library of books
A queue of people

A flight of birds

EVALUATION  
Complete each of the phrases
1.	A  .................................... of grapes
2.	A ....................................of matches
3.	A ...............................of clothes
4.	A  ...............................of trees
5.	A  ..............................of corn 
6.	A  .................... of drawers
7.	A  ...........................of bees
8.	A  ...................................of sticks
9.	A  ............................of stamps 
10.	A  .................................of stars
11.	A  ....................................... of birds
12.	A  ....................... of cows
13.	A  ...........................of angles
14.	A  .................................of wolves
15.	.................................  of whales
16.	A  ................................... of monkeys
17.	A  ................................ of thieves
18.	A  .............................. of pups
19.	A  ....................................of slaves
2.	A  ...............................of beautiful ladies

LESSON 14, 15, 16 AND 17    
ABSTRACT NOUNS
These are the nouns which cannot be seen or counted.
They are nouns of qualities o things, creatures or people.  These qualities only exist in something.  They don’t exist on their own.  Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives or verbs.
Examples
Width			height
Length 			anger
Breadth   		behaviour
Truth			love
Sadness			heat
Happiness		presence
Bitterness		choice  	

a)  Abstract nouns from adjectives formed by adding   “ness”
Adjective		abstract noun
1.  eager			eagerness
2.  clever		cleverness
3.  clean			cleanliness
4.  sad			sadness
5.  handsome		handsomeness
6.  kind			kindness
7.  heavy		heaviness
8.  smart			smartness
9.  good			goodness
10.  rich 			richness
11.  quick		quickness
12.  happy		happiness
13.  strange		strangeness
14.  bright		brightness
15.  mad			madness
16.  slow			slowness
17.  ugly 		ugliness
18.  lazy			laziness
19.  fat			fatness
20.  shabby		shabbiness
21.  stubborn		stubbornness
22.  foolish		foolishness
23.  rude			rudeness
24.  quiet		quietness
25.  polite		politeness
26.  sick			sickness
27.  ill			illness
28.  new			newness
29.  cold			coldness

b. Abstract nouns formed by changing the last “t” or “te” to “ce”   or “cy” 
Adjective  				Abstract noun			
Distant					distance
Innocent					innocence
Lenient					lenience
Important				importance
Patient					patience
Adundant				abundance
Silent					silence
Absent					absence
Ignorant					ignorance
Present					presence
Violent					violence
Urgent					urgency
Efficient					efficiency
Intimate					intimacy
Constituent				constituency
Expectant				expectancy 
Agent					agency
Accurate					accuracy 
Accountant				accountancy 
Pregnant				pregnancy 

Abstract nouns formed when the adjective changes to other forms
Adjective			Adjective nouns
Powerful				power
Truthful				truth
True				truth
Harmful				harm
Painful				pain
Faithful				faith
Merciful				mercy
Anxious				anxiety 
Curious				curiosity
Poor				poverty 
Dangerous			danger
Old				age
Dead				death 
Healthy				health
Coward				cowardice
Punctual				punctuality 
Greedy				greed
Loyal				loyalty 
Pure				purity 
Cruel				cruelty	
Able				ability 
Envious				envy 
Difficult				difficulty 
Original				origin
Possible				possibility 
Superior				superiority
Rapid				rapidity
Rigid				rigidity
Supreme			supremacy 
Jealous				jealousy 
Noble				nobility 
Wise				wisdom
Free				freedom
Broad				breadth 
Just 				justice
High				height
False				falsehood
Warm				warmth 
Proud				pride
Humble				humility 
Long				length
Wide				width 
Deep				depth
Angry				anger
Hungry				hunger
Timid				timidity 
d. Abstract nouns ending with “TION” formed from verbs.
Verb			abstract noun
Explain			explanation 
Repeat			repetition
Classify			classification
Congratulate		congratulation
Accommodate		accommodation 
Introduce		introduction
Complete		competition
Administer		administration 
Oppose			opposition
Complete		completion
Continue		continuation
Revolve			revolution
Elect			election 
e. Abtract nouns that end in “SION” from verbs
Verb			abstract nouns
Decide			decision
Conclude		conclusion
Invert			inversion
Confuse			confusion
Divide			division
Explode			explosion 
Express			expression 
Discussion		discussion 
Impress			Impression 
Provide			provision
Convert			conversion
Expel			expulsion
Posses			possession 
Confess			confession 
f.   Abstract nouns ending with “MENT”  from verbs 
Verb			Abstract  
Develop			development
Govern			government
Pay			payment
Punish			punishment
Excite			excitement
Require			requirement
Advertise		advertisement
Entertain		entertainment
Achieve			achievement
State			statement
Measure			measurement
Enlight			enlightment
Refresh			refreshment
Move			movement
Assign			assignment
Embarrass		embarrassment 

g. Abstract nouns that don’t change verbs.
Verb			Abstract nouns 
Process			process
Record			record
Progress		progress
Demand			demand
Duplicate		duplicate
Rest			rest
Pool			pool
Fish			fish
Love			love
Retreat			retreat
Race			race
Drive			drive
Dream			dream
Knock			knock
Ride			ride
Sleep			sleep

EXCEPTIONS
Verbs which form abstract nouns without following any of the above rules
Verb			Abtract nouns		verb			Abstract nouns
Depart			departure		mix			mixture  
Arrive			arrival			fix			fixture
Avail			availability 		assemble		assembly
Choose			choice					
Fail			failure			advise			advice
Succeed			success			practice			practice
Sit			seat			refuse			refusal
Lend			loan			lose			loss
Speak			speech					
Just			Justice			sell			sale
Serve			service

i)  Abstract nouns formed from other nouns
Nouns			abstract nouns
Neighbour		neighbourhood
Free			freedom 
King			kingdom
Child			childhood
Man			manhood
Brother			brotherhood
Poet			poetry 
Friend			friendship
Relation			relationship
Slave			slavery 
War			warrior
Martyr			martyrdom
Pot			pottery 
Baker			bakery 
Butcher			butchery 
Grocer			grocery 

EVALUATION
Use the correct form of the words in brackets to complete the sentences.
1.	John’s  .....................................was misleading.  ( advise) 
2.	Our teachers get their  ...............................at the end of every month. ( pay ) 
3.	We had a lot of  ..............................during holidays.  ( entertain)  
4.	The  .............................i had last night almost came true.  ( dream) 
5.	What caused your  ..................................yesterday?  ( absent ) 
6.	Due to  .................................they did poorly in their examinations.  (ill) 
7.	Do you know the  ................................... of your mother?  ( high) 
8.	There was no  ............................ for most of the guests.  ( accommodate) 
9.	There is a lot of  ................................in Smoking.  ( dangerous)
10.	My elder sister is reading an  ..................................course.  ( accountant) 

Gender
Nouns and pronouns belong to one or another of four genders in grammar. These are; masculine, feminine, common and neuter 
Masculine 		feminine 		masculine 		feminine 
Boy 			girl 			boar 			sow 
Actor 			actress			buck			doe
Conductor 		conductress		bull 			cow 
Lion 			lioness 			bullock 			heifer
Manager 		manageress 		cock 			hen 
Master 			mistress 		colt 			filly 
Mayor			mayoress		cob (swan)		pen 
Negro			negress			dog			bitch
Poet			poetess			drake			bitch
Priest 			priestess 		gander 			duck 
Prince 			princess			ram			ewe
Bachelor			spinster			stallion 			mare
Bridegroom		bride			steer/ bullock 		heifer
Brother 			sister 			billy – goat 		nanny goat 
Nephew 			niece			buck rabbit 		doe rabbit 
Male 			female 			bull calf 			cow calf 
Shepherd 		shepherdess 		boy scout 		girl guide 
Tailor 			tailoress 		grandfather 		grandmother 
Waiter			waitress 			he goat 			she goat 
Sir 			madam 			man servant 		maid servant 
Son 			daughter 		son – in – law 		daughter – in – law 
Uncle 			aunt 			step father 		step mother 
Wizard 			witch 			step son 		step daughter 
Widower 		widow 

Common gender 
Words which refer to creatures of either sex 
The same word may be used both of male and female  e.g.
Adult, animal, baby , bird, cat, cattle, teacher, doctor, child, cousin, relative, visitor, sheep, darling friend, passenger, pupil, pig, infant, guest, fowl, guardian

Neuter 
Words which refer to things without life or sex. Bag, boots, box, bread, butter, chair, chalk, chimney, church, cocoa, coffee, desk, dishes, floor, house, jacket, kettle, knife, mirror, pencil, pillow, ruler, school eat, stairs, street, table 

EVALUATION 1
Group the following in their respective genders
Ewe, traitor, pen, sow, pupil, cousin, prince, lady, lad, floor, giantess, soldier, orphan, postmaster, drake wizard, lord, she, bridegroom, mistress, spinster, cup, shoe, Billy – goat, gander, bullock, doe, window, daughter, mare, pen

EVALUATION 2
Change all masculines into corresponding feminines 
1.	The bridegroom is my nephew
2.	The instructor ordered him to jump
3.	My landlord is a widower
4.	The bull attacked the milkman.
5.	The Duke chatted to the man
6.	“No sir”, he replied
7.	The waiter served his own brother
8.	“He was indeed a hero,” said the emperor 

JUNIOR ENGLISH  
Young ones of gender nouns
Nouns		-	Young ones                   Nouns                        			 Young ones
Cat 		-	kitten			eagle 				-	eaglet		
Cock(bird)	-	cockerel			owl				-	owlet			
Hen( bird)	-	pullet			fowl				-	chicken
Deer		-	fawn			goat				-	kid
Hare		-	leveret			goose				-	gosling
Cow/bull		-	calf			stallion				-	foal  or  colt
Horse		-	foal			mare				-	filly
Ass		-	foal			toad/frog				-	tadpole
Sheep		-	lamb			trout/fish				-	fry
Swan		-	cygnet			salmon(fish)			-	nestling
Dog		-	puppy			hawk(bird)			-	bowet
Duck		-	duckling			eel(fish)				-	elver
Pig		-	piglet			lion / bear/ fox/ tiger/ leopard 	-  	cub
butterfly/ moth	-	caterpillar
Elephant/whale 	-	calf

EVALUATION
Complete the sentences correctly
1.  Cat is to kitten as a frog is to  ................................................
2.  Lambs are to sheep as  .............................is to bears.
3.  Eagle is to eaglet as a monkey is to  ............................................... .
4.  A  ...............................is to a fish as a rack is to rabbit.
5.  Piglets are to pigs as  ................................................are to elephants.
Use a suitable word to complete the sentences.
6.  The duck is swimming with its  ......................................................
7.  The goose has ten  ..................................................................... 
8.  The rabbit has given birth to six lovely  .............................................
9.  The bird built a nest for its  ............................................................
10.  The fox ran very fast to save its  ......................................when it was attacked by a lion.

ARTICLES
These are ‘a’,  ‘an’, ‘the’

Article “a” 
The singular common nouns which start with consonants take the article “a” before them.
These consonants are b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z
Examples
A kite,   a boy, atree, amango, a car  
Exceptions;  a European  , a university  , a one way street, a Ugandan, a ewe.

Article “an”
The singular common nouns which start with vowels take the article “an” before them.  These vowels are;  a,  e,  i , o, u 
Examples
An example, an orange, an ant ,  an elephant , an ox
However, some words which begin with a consonant but sound like a vowel also take “an” before them.

Examples 
An hour,an x – ray, an M.P ,  an honest man, an heir, an honourable 

Article “the”
This article is used for the class, definite things, superlative degree, some rivers and mountains, countries, islands and water bodies.
We always use it with nouns already known very well.
Examples
The kind, the poor, the rich
The moon, the sun, the soil 
The biggest boy,the most beautiful girl 
The Nile, The Amazon, The Red sea
The Rwenzori ,  The Himalayas  , The United States of America.

NB.  
“The” is used infront of all common nouns except proper nouns or when referring to something for second time and thereafter.

When the listener knows exactly what the speaker is talking about.  E.g. shut the door 
“The” is used before ordinal number like I was the first in the face.
“The” is used to refer to one thing or group of things commonly known e.g.  the moon  etc

Evaluation 
Use either “a’, “an” or “the” in each of the spaces below
1.  Muwanguzi eats  ...........................................................egg every morning 
2.  .........................................chair is made of wood.
3.  .......................................Nile is the longest river in the world.
4.  She came  ...................................hour late.
5.  Makerere is  ..........................oldest University in East Africa.
6.  It was  ...................................unwise act to sit on  ......................broken chair.
7.  I saw  ..............................black African in ............................market.
8.  .......................................garden fork is  ...................................useful tool.
9.  Bujumbura is  .............................capital city of Burundi.
10.  Seven is not  ...............................even number.
11.  Sir Edward Muteesa II was  .....................................first president of Uganda.
12.  Wambwa  is  ..............................ugly man.
13.  I cut a branch off the tree  ..................................was dry. 
14.  ..............................baby is crying because it is hungry.
15.  My father got  ...............................honourally degree from Makerere.

TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
Present simple tense is everyday.  In this tense singular subjects of the sentence, you add “s” to the main verb.  For the singular third person while with plural subjects and “I” you don’t add “s” .

Examples:  Affirmative sentences
1.  Robert eats cassava everyday.
     Robert and Jane eat cassava everyday.
2.  You play football every evening.
      You don’t play football every evening.

EVALUATION
Turn the following sentences into negative sentences
1.  Our teacher speaks English fluently everyday.
2.  The baby cries everyday.
3.  My mother draws water from the well everyday.
4.  Joyce lies on the bed everyday.
5.  The timekeeper rings the bell everyday.
6.  She always fetches water.
7.  Tom and Aaron do homework from home everyday.
8.  The drivers drive cars everyday.
9.  The children keep their books in the desks everyday.
10.  Joseph and Mary study at Rubaga Primary school everyday.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Affirmative sentences can be changed into interrogative sentences.  
To change sentences to interrogative, you ought to begin with a verb.
Example
1.  Robert eats cassava everyday.
     Robert does eat cassava everyday.
     Does Robert eat cassava everyday?
2.  I play chess every evening
     I do play chess every evening.
     Do I play chess every evening?

EVALUATION
Change the following sentences from Affirmative to interrogative.
1.  Wesonga completes his homework before going to bed.
2.  Our teacher of English marks our books daily.
3.  That man washes cars in the washing bay.
4.  Wefafa and Nafutali sit under that tree every evening.
5.  Jesse cleans his house before leaving for work.
6.  The porter pushes a wheel barrow every day.
7.  The class monitor goes to the staffroom after every lesson.
8.  He carries a school bag everyday.
9.  They brush their teeth every after each meal.
10.  Walumbe hits at each door once very month
QUESTION TAGS
There are two types of question tags i.e positive and negative question tags.  Negative question tags are used in affirmative sentences while positive question tags are used in negative sentences and commands.
Examples
1.  Mussime collects books every day.
     Musiime does collect books every day, doesn’t he?
2.  Musiime doesn’t collect books every day 

EVALUATION
Supply suitable question tags to the following sentences
1.  That boy washes his stockings everything.
2.  Our teachers often advised us to behave well.
3.  The headmaster doesn’t drive a white car.
4.  George and Peter mop this room every Saturday.
5.  Kwezi doesn’t boil water for drinking.
6.  Our parents pay our school fees.
7.  Luzze and Kamukma often disturbs us in class.
8.  Waluzi types his work by himself.
9.  Opio and Okia like playing in class.
10.  It doesn’t rain everyday.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
It is also called the now tense.  The helping verbs are “is”  “am”  and “are”  when constructing a sentence, you add  “ing”  to the main verb.
Note:  Main verbs with short vowels before the final consonant, double the final consonants and then take  “ing” at the end.
e.g  slap   - slapping ,                sit  - sitting 
       clap   -  clapping  ,              mop  -  mopping  

Examples:  Affirmative sentences
1.  She is working now.
2.  They are swimming in the river.
3.  My sister is putting the cup on the table.
Affirmative sentences can be changed to negative sentences.
1.  She is working now.
     She is not working now.
2.  I am going with her.
     I am not going with her.
3.  My sister is putting the cup on the table.
     My sister is not putting the cup on the table.
4.  They are swimming in the river.
     They are not swimming in the river.

Turn the following sentences into affirmative
1.  John is cutting grass.
2.  David is making a toy.
3.  The girls are washing clothes
4.  Mary is eating mangoes.
5.  We are bringing the chairs.
6.  The cat is killing the rat.
7.  Phillip is hammering a peg.
8.  The woman is driving a car.
9.  I am mopping the house.
10. The women are driving cars.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES (QUESTIONS) 
Affirmative sentences can be changed into interrogative sentences
To change sentences to interrogative begin with a helping verb 
Examples 
1.	David is breaking a bucket.
Is David breaking a bucket 
2.	I am looking at the flower.
Am I looking at the flower?
3.	They are watching the match 
Are they watching the match 
EVALUATION 
Rewrite in interrogative 
1.	Jack is blowing the whistle 
2.	They are buying a pen.
3.	The lady is feeding a baby 
4.	We are seeing a bird
5.	He is playing with a pen 
6.	My mother is preparing tea
7.	I am writing a letter
8.	You are eating apples 
9.	We are making boxes 
10.	Joan is singing a song 

QUESTION TAGS
1.	The girl is breaking a glass, isn’t she?
2.	They are not playing football, are they?
3.	I am going to church, aren’t  I?
4.	I am not going to school, am I?
Activity 
Supply suitable question tags
1.	The man is cutting a tree, ……..?
2.	He is not helping her, ……….?
3.	I am eating food, ………?
4.	The dog is eating bones, ……….?
5.	They are not reading novels, ……..?
6.	Doris is carrying a basket, ……..?
7.	The girls are not plucking flowers, ………?
8.	The headmaster is meeting the scouts, ……..?
9.	She is not holding a stick, ……?
10.	Alice is cleaning the room, …………?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Present perfect tense is the already tense.  The use of “has” and “have” are the helping verbs.  “has” is is used with singular subjects and ‘have” for plurals and “I” (First person singular) 

The main verb is in the past participle.
Examples of affirmative sentences
1.  The baby has cried for several hours.
2.  James has taken your book.

NEGATIVE SENTENCES
Affirmative sentences can be turned to negative sentences as follows:
1.  The baby has not cried for several hours.
2.  James has not taken your book.

Evaluation 
Rewrite the given sentences as negative
1.  Mwanje  has sown seeds in the garden.
2.  The tailor has sown seeds in the garden.
3.  They have sawn my clothes already.
4.  We have seen the teacher just now.
5.  Mr.  Wakilo has bitten his friend’s hand.
6.  The stubborn boys have torn your books.
7.  The house girl has hung clothes on the wire.
8.  The animals have heard the thunder.
9.  The teachers have already marked our exams.
10.  The headmaster has taken our sweaters.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
To write interrogative sentences in the present perfect  tense, you begin with the helping verbs  - has or have.
Examples
Rewrite the given sentences in interrogative
Examples
1.  I have seen your new house.
     Have I seen your new house.
2.  She has done her work.
     Has she done her work?

EVALUATION 
1.  The policeman has shot a thief dead.
2.  They have hidden something under the carpet.
3.  The mango has fallen from the tree.
4.  The teacher has become very angry.
5.  My parents have bought me new shoes.
6.  Kingo has written a good composition.
7.  Our teachers have taught us a lot of English.
8.  The hen has laid many eggs.
9.  Lumonde has eaten all your sauce.
10.  The housefly has dirtied your food.

QUESTION TAGS
Complete the sentences using suitable question tags 
Examples 
That man has taken my handkerchief, hasn’t  he?
Mr. Musiime hasn’t come today, has he?

EVALUATION 
Complete the following sentences using suitable question tags 
1.	He has hidden your book in the cupboard, ……….?
2.	The headmaster has forgiven you, …………?
3.	My parents have not gone abroad, ………….?
4.	My shirt has been torn, ……………?
5.	His friends have not gone to school today, ………….?
6.	Jemba has not done the homework, ………….?
7.	He has built a permanent house, …………..?
8.	You have not carried your set with you, ………..?
9.	He has not lost his way, ……………..?

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE 
This tense is used when talking about an event that began sometime in the past and is still going on.
Note: We use ‘has’ and ‘have’ as helping verbs ‘been’ as the perfect auxiliary and a main verb ending in ‘ing’ i.e. has, have (been) + ‘ing’
Examples 
She has been learning English 
I have been going to school 
She has been peeling potatoes 
“for” and “since” can also be used e.g. two hours, three days, a week, ten years etc 
Examples 
They have been waiting for you for two days 
She has been eating for half an hour 
Since is used when a point or particular period of time from which an action started to take place is mentioned .e.g nine o’clock, Monday, last week etc 
Examples 
We have been learning English since morning 
He has been repairing bicycles since yesterday 

Activity 
Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets to complete the sentences in the present perfect continuous 
1.	He……………..the goat on the tree. (tie) 
2.	They………..the mango tree for mangoes. (climb) 
3.	John………….hands because of happiness. (clap
4.	Jonathan and I ………..cards from class. (play) 
5.	The congregation…………….for the pope. (pray) 
6.	The spectators…………the match between KCCA and Villa football clubs. (watch) 
7.	We…………..in class because we have not work. (shout) 
8.	Jane and her brother Tom……………to get a first grade in P7
9.	I …………….because I am sick. (sleep) 
10.	The shepherd ………..animals in the bush near the lake. (graze) 

AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES 

PAST SIMPLE TENSE
The past simple tense is yesterday tense.  In past simple the main verb is distinct and always stands alone.  It doesn’t matter whether the subject is plural or singular.  The verb doesn’t change.  The adverb of time for this tense is mainly “yesterday” and “last”

Affirmative sentences
Examples
1.  The man spoke good English yesterday.
2.  The cat chased the rat yesterday.

Turn the above affirmative sentences to negative form.
1.  The man didn’t speak good English yesterday.
2.  The cat didn’t chase the rat yesterday.

EVALUATION
1.  The boy tore my shirt yesterday.
2.  They chose the red colours only.
3.  This coat cost me sh.  100,000/=  
4.  The wrongdoers swore not to do it again.
5.  The men held the rope tightly during the tug – of – war.
6.  The teacher punished those who didn’t complete the homework.
7.  She swang her belt in air.
8.  The whole class stood up to greet the visitor.
9.  The newsmen broadcast sad news over the radio.
10.  The pedestrians walked along the high street..

Interrogative sentences
Turn the given affirmative sentences to interrogative.
Examples
1.  She took the food to the hospital yesterday.
     She didn’t take the food to the hospital.
2.  The stranger spoke French.
    The strangers didn’t speak French.

EVALUATION 
1.  Jona and I played cards last morning.
2.  Yowana clapped hands because of happiness.
3.  The shepherd grazed in the bush yesterday.
4.  They danced the whole day.
5.  She began her homework late.
6.  The spectators watched the match between Uganda Cranes and Harambe stars.
7.  We shouted in class the whole day.
8.  Your father smoked a pipe last evening.
9.  Those boys quarreled over food.
10.  The customer cheated the seller of meat. 

QUESTION TAGS
Examples
Supply suitable questions tags to these sentences
1.  The dog ate your hen.
     The dog did eat your hen, didn’t it?
2.  The bursar didn’t pay me, did she?
EVALUATION
1.  You met him on the way home.
2.  The doctor treated them last night.
3.  The market burnt to ashes.
4.  Mulongo washed your father’s car.
5.  My parents left me in the park.
6.  You failed the test last time.
7.  Our guests arrived late.
8.  They contributed greatly to our party.
9.  You saw them in the church

ADVERBS 
Adverbs are words that tell us more about a verb, an adjective or another adverb e.g. slowly, loudly 

TYPES OF ADVERBS
1.  Adverbs of manner
These adverbs tell us how something happens or happened.  They are commonly formed from adjectives by add  - ly.  E.g  Nicely, beautifully, badly, simply.

2.  Adverbs of time
This class of adverbs tell us when something happens or happened.  E.g  now, since, before , today , already . last, well  etc.

3.  Adverbs of duration 
These adverbs tell us about the period an action lasted  e.g  an hour , a week, a year, a moment etc.  Express duration of an action.  E.g  They waited for three hours.

4.  Adverbs of frequency
This class of adverbs tells us when something happened.  E.g  rarely, often. Always, ever, usually, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, normally, frequently, commonly.
e.g  She often shouts in class.

5.  Adverbs of place
These adverbs tell us where something took place.  E.g  everywhere, here, there, outside, inside, etc
My aunt lives in Kenya.

6.  Adverbsof degree
These are adverbs which tell us the extent to which something happened.  E.g  much , almost , only, rather, why,  quite, e.g  That composition is very easy.

ORDER OF ADVERBS
The order of adverbs is  how( manner), where ( place) , when ( time.
e.g He hardly read books at home last week.
     Hardly   -  how 
     At home  -  where
     Last week  -  when 
2.  The prefect spoke carefully at the parade yesterday.
Carefully – manner – How 
At the parade – place – where
Yesterday  -  Time  - when 

Evaluation 
Complete these sentences suing the correct adverbs order
1.  Will you run ( in the field, at 8:00 am, fast, tomorrow)?
2.  The congregation prayed ( in the church, very hard, last Sunday) 
3.  The couple moved ( to the reception hall, smartly, after the church ceremony) 
4.  I shall take the ball( outside, today, stealthily) 
5.  The candidates go ( to school ,at 7:00am) 
6.  Take it ( silently, there, now) 
7.  Our teacher spoke to us( in class, very rudely, this afternoon) 
8.  The latecomers stayed( all day, quietly, there) 
9.  Jimmy Katumba played( last Christmas; beautifully< in Collins Hotel) 
10.  Let’s go (tonight, to the film, last) 

FORMATION OF ADVERBS
Most adverbs are formed out of adjectives by simply adding  “ly”
Adjective	adverb
Clear		clearly		pain		painful 		accidental	accidentally 
Proud		proudly		sudden		suddenly 	skillful		skillfully 
Quick		quickly		anxious		anxiously 	royal		royally 
Poor		poorly		grateful		gratefully 	annual		annually 
Fair		fairly		careful		carefully 	mental		mentally 
Cheap		cheaply		equal		equally 		hopeful		hopefully 
Clever		cleverly		practical  	practically 
Adverbs which are formed from adjectives by adding ‘ly’ after changing ‘y’ to ‘I’
Examples 
Adjectives 		adverbs 
Angry 			angrily 
Lucky 			luckily 
Steady 			steadily 
Heavy 			heavily 
Lazy 			lazily 
Easy 			easily 
Hungry 			hungrily 
Noisy 			noisily 
Merry 			merrily 
Clumsy 			clumsily 
Other adverbs are formed by dropping ‘e’ and adding ‘ly’
Adjective 		adverb 
Humble 			humbly 
Sensibly 			sensibly
Simple 				simply 
Possible				possibly 
Terrible 				terribly 
Gentle 				gently 
Miserable 			miserably 
Suitable 				suitably 
Probable 			probably 
Immediate 			immediately 

Some adverbs are the same as adjectives e.g. hard, fast, well, late, early, better, next

Adverbs formed from nouns 
Noun			adverb
Active 			actively 
Danger 			dangerous 
Force 			forcefully 
Haste			hastily 
Nature 			naturally 
Courage 		courageously 
Office			officially 
Wonder 			wonderfully 
Centre			centrally 
EVALUATION 
Form adverbs from each of the following words 
Horrible, able, nice, bad, cruel, whole, worth, careful, cheer, 

Comparison of adverbs by adding ‘more’ and ’most’
Bravely 		more bravely 		most bravely 
Clearly 		more clearly 		most clearly 
Briefly 		more briefly 		most briefly 
Easily 		more easily 		most easily 
Freely 		more freely 		most freely 
Happily 		more happily 		most happily 
Loudly 		more loudly 		most loudly 
Quickly 		more quickly 		most quickly 
Slowly 		more slowly 		most slowly 

EVALUATION 
Use the correct form of the words in brackets to complete each sentence 
1.	That girl writes very…………(slow) 
2.	I did my work…………..because I was in a hurry. (bad) 
3.	The headmaster ……….walked into his office. (hurry) 
4.	It rained…………last night. (heavy) 
5.	The little girl……………gave a speech. (courage) 
6.	The basket was……….woven. (beauty) 
7.	……..the teacher entered the room the pupils stoop up. (immediate) 
8.	We were…………..welcomed by the waiter. (warm)

JUNIOR ENGLISH
Opposites
Absent – present				danger  - safety 
Accept  - refuse				deep  - shallow
Admit  - deny 				defeat  - victory 
Ancient  -  modern				difficult  - easy / simple
Arrival  -  departure			divide   -  multiply
Attack  -   defence				drunk  -  sober
Beautiful  -  ugly                        	dwarf   -  giant
Bent  -  straight 				empty   -  full
Bitter  -   sweet 				entrance -  exit 
Blunt -   sharp				exterior  -  interior 
Bold   -  timid              			external  - internal 
Bravery -  cowardice 			failure  -  success
Bright   -  dull				false   -   true 
Broad   -   narrow 				foolish  -   wise
Build   -  demolish				found   -  lost 
Capture  -  release 			future  -  past 
Cheap   -  expensive / dear		generous  -  selfish 
Coarse   -  fine				guilty    -  innocent 
Contract   -  expand			hatred   -  love
Coward   -  hero 				heavy  - light 
Hollow  -  solid  				humble  -  proud 
Ignorance -  knowledge			inferior  -  superior
Junior     -  senior				majority  -  minority 
Noisy   -  quiet				peace   -  war  
Often   -  seldom				opaque  -  transparent 
Permanent   -  temporary 		plentiful   -  scarce  
Poverty    -  wealth			punishment  -  reward  
Rough   - smooth   / calm

Write the opposites of the underlined words
1.  That perimeter wall will soon be demolished.
2.  Some roads in this country are very narrow.
3.  The mathematics teacher punished me because I drew a bent line.
4.  I denied having stolen Musa’s pen.
5.  The sea was calm by the time our ship sailed.
6.  The floor of our dining room is very rough.
7.  Most girls in our school carry heavy bags.
8.  Mathematics is the subject in which I hope for success.
9.  My grandmother has constructed a temporary house.
10.  Our fore fathers used not to go to school because of poverty.

OPPOSITES USING PREFIXES
A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of the word to change its meaning.

Using the prefix  - un  

Armed - Unarmed			wise - unwise		equal - unequal		   friendly - unfriendly 		Certain - Uncertain	dress - undress		
common - uncommon		happy -  unhappy 		Healthy - Un healthy 	
suitable - unsuitable		welcome - unwelcome	 grateful - ungrateful
Popular - Un popular		willing - unwilling		skilled - unskilled	
reasonable – unreasonable	True - Untrue		reliable – unreliable
conscious - unconscious		steady - unsteady 

Using the prefix in

Capable - Incapable		sane - insane		visible - invisible	
gratitude – ingratitude		complete - incomplete	direct - indirect	
audible - inaudible			expensive – inexpensive	correct - Incorrect	
curable - incurable			attentive - inattentive	dependent - independent
sincere - Insincere			Justice - injustice		efficient – inefficient
equality -  inequality 		distinct - Indistinct		decent - indecent	
offensive - inoffensive		sufficient -  insufficient

Using the prefix  dis 
Appear -  Disappear		comfort -  discomfort		connect -  disconnect	 satisfied – dissatisfied
Loyal -  Disloyal			believe – disbelieve		courteous - discourteous	advantage –disadvantage	
Honest – Dishonest		arm - disarm			orderly - disorderly	contented – discontented
Agree -  Disagree			obedient - disobedient		allow -  disallow		arrange – disarrange
Like - Dislike			continue – discontinue		pleasure - displeasure	respectful - disrespectful 

Using the prefix  im ...
Movable - Immovable	   patient - impatient	       possible – impossible              	Proper - improper		
Perfect - Imperfect	   mortal - immortal	       pure -  impure		polite -  impolite	 
 Penetrate-   impenetrable

Using the prefix   il .. ,  ir...
Legal  -  Illegal				legible  - illegible		literate -  illiterate	
Regular - irregular			resistible -  irresistible
Responsible - Irresponsible		reverent - irreverent 

Using non....
Sense - Nonsense				intoxicating -  non – intoxicating
Existent - Non – existent				essential  -  non – essential  

Opposite using suffix  ful  -  less
Hope -  Hopeless			care -  careless		cheer  -  cheerless	
use  -  useless			doubt  -  doubtless 	help  -   helpless
Thoughtless			painless	harmless	pitiless		powerless
Shameless			restless			thankless  

EVALUATION  
Rewrite the sentences giving the opposites of the underlined words.
1.  Some people are efficient in their work.
2.  You don’t have to bring complete homework with you.
3.  There is a lot of justice in the judiciary.
4.  AIDS  is a curable disease.
5.  I am capable of driving a car.
6.  I would like you to connect that electric wire.
7.  Why is your sister always happy?
8.  Your house maid is a responsible person.
9.  Smoking marijuana is legal in Uganda.
10.  People who are not invited to this [arty are welcome.
11.  What a useful book a dictionary is!
12.  Most drugs are harmful.
13.  That forest is penetrable.
14.  You gave a thoughtful idea during the discussions.
15.  The temptation to taste mother’s cakes was resistible.

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES/ CONJUNCTIONS 
The use of Both ........and .......
Both .....begins a sentence is the subject of the sentences are different.
Both is written in the middle when subjects are similar.
It cannot stand on its own to join two sentences.  It works hand in hand with “and”

Examples
1.  The teacher is going on a tour.  The pupils are going on a tour.
     Both the teacher and the pupils are going on the tour.
2.  The drink was sour.  The drink was expired.
     The drink was both sour and expired.
3.  Mary has a red bag.  Sarah has a red nag.
     Both Mary and Sarah have red bags.

EVALUATION 
Join the following sentences using  .......both ......and......   or      Begin:  Both ......and   .......
1.  Peter is a lazy pupil.  Mary is a lazy pupil.
2.  The fruit was juicy.  The fruit was delicious. 
3.  Stella was a bright pupil.  Atim was a bright pupil.
4.  The dog drinks milk.  The ct drinks milk.
5.  She is my guardian.  She is my benefactor.
6.  Brenda prepared tea.  Brenda prepared food.
7.  I don’t eat meat.  I don’t east fish.
8.  My parents were absent.  I was absent.
9.  Janet was my friend,  Sarah was my friend.
10.  Musa is going to the market.  Ali is going to the market.

Using Either  .......or  
This conjunction is used to show that one of the things will happen.  It is used in affirmative sentence.
We begin with Either when the subjects are different use ........either.......or when the subjects are similar.

Examples
1.  He must laugh.  He must cry.
     He must either laugh or cry.

2.  Sarah may go and watch a movie.  Deborah may go and watch a movie.
      Either Sarah or Deborah may go and watch a movie.
3.  They will win.  They will be defeated.
     They will either win or be defeated.

Evaluation 
Re- write using .........either .......or  
               Begin:  Either ........or  ```
1.  James will go to church.  Alex will go to church.
2.  You may go to Namakata next month.  I may go to Namakata next  month.
3.  My friend will attend  the party.  My enemy will attend the party.
4.  He will greet the visitors.  He will smile at them.
5.  The teacher is coming.  The pupils are coming.
6.  He can eat.  He can drink.
7.  I shall play a piano.  I shall play a guitar.
8.  Daddy drove the car.  Mummy drove the car.
9.  The pupils will sing.  The pupils will dance.
10.  The maid must cook supper.  Mother must cook supper.
Using .....neither .............nor
Neither ................nor is used to show that none of the two will happen,  It is in negative.
Examples  ( same subjects) 
1.  He did not greet the visitors.  He didn’t smile at them.
     He neither greeted the visitors nor smiled at them.
2.  She cannot fly.  She cannot swim.
     She can neither fly nor swim.

Different subjects:  Begin:  Neither
3.  Peter did not greet the visitor.  Mary didn’t greet the visitor.
     Neither Peter nor Mary greeted the visitors.
4.  The teacher has not come.  The pupils has not come.
     Neither the teacher nor the pupils has come.

Evaluation:
Rewrite using......neither ......nor   or begin  Neither:  ................nor .................
1.  Suzan will not dance.  Suzan will not sing.
2.  He doen’t eat.  He doesn’t drink.
3.  He didn’t eat.  He didn’t drink.
4.  The visitors have not greeted.  The hosts have not greeted.
5.  He failed mathematics.  He didn’t pass.
6.  It is not deep.  It is not salty.
7.  My grand mother cannot read.  My grandfather cannot read.
8.  They will not win the battle.  They will not lose the battle.
9.  Tom is not watching T.V  Sarah is not watching TV.
10.  It couldn’t fly.  It couldn’t move.

Using ..........................and neither......................
Used to join negative sentences
Examples
1.  They didn’t understand the speech.  They did not welcome it.
     They didn’t understand the speech and neither did they welcome it.

2.  Ntege is not a girl.  Lwanga is not a girl.
     Ntege is not a girl and neither is Lwanga.
3.  Peter does not eat fish.  He doesn’t eat meat.
     Peter does not eat fish and neither does he eat meat.
Evaluation 
Join using......and neither ......
1.  The cars must be allowed to overtake at a traffic jam.
     The motorcycles must not be allowed to overtake at  a traffic Jam
2.  The cats didn’t win the race.  The dogs didn’t win the race.
3.  Joy didn’t understand this topic.  I didn’t understand this topic.
4.  My father will not go to town.  My mother will not go to town.
5.  My grandmother doesn’t know how to read.  She doesn’t know how to write.
6.  Mother has not cooked food.  The maid has not cooked food.
7.  We couldn’t go to the cinema.  John couldn’t go to the cinema.
8.  The headmaster will not punish us.  The teachers will not punish us.
9.  We didn’t go to the village.  Our parents didn’t go to the village.
10.  They cannot walk.  They cannot run.

Using  ....................and so ...................
Used in affirmative sentences
Examples
1.  I was punctual for the lesson.  Alice was punctual for the lesson.
     I was punctual for the lesson and so was Alice.
2.  Joel will understand this lesson.  Alice will understand this lesson.
     Joel will understand this lesson and so will Alice.
3.  My uncle is a bachelor.  He is a bachelor.
     My uncle is a bachelor and so he is.

Evaluation 
1.  My grandmother told an interesting story.  My grandfather told an interesting story.
2.  He was very intelligent.  The bursar was also intelligent.
3.  I may go to Namakata primary school.  You may go to Namakata primary school.
4.  Ntege is a boy.  Lwanga is a boy.
5.  Maria is a singer.  Aneet is a singer.
6.  All Kenyans speak Swahili.  All Tanzanians speak Swahili.
7.  We may go to Gulu.  We may go to Lira.
8.  He could run.  He could swim.
9.  Mary is a smart girl.  Joan is a smart girl.
10.  Jane had ten sweets.  Rhoda had ten sweets.
Using:  Although 
Used to show both negative and positive in a sentence
Examples
1.  She is beautiful.  She is unmarried.
    Although she is beautiful, she is unmarried.
2.  She is a Ugandan.  She doesn’t speak Uganda language.
Although she is  a Ugandan, she doesn’t speak Ugandan language.

Evaluation 
Re- write using  1.  .................although .......................
                          2.  Begin:  Although...........................
1.  She ailed her exams.  She copied.
2.  Some Africans are poor.  They work hard.
3.  They are sure of their answers.  They are wrong.
4.  They were sincere.  Nobody believed them.
5.  James lives near the church.  He seldom go to church.
6.  Bo body helped them.  They were friendly.
7.  He had good behavior.  He was dull in class.

Using :….too…….to…….
Too……..to……is used in sentences with a negative idea 
Examples 
1.	That lady is very fat. She can’t run
That lady is too fat to run.
2.	This story is very long. One cannot tell it in ten minutes.
This story is too long for one to tell it in ten minutes 
Activity
Ref: Mk precise English grammar pg 137 – 138 task 42 numbers 1 – 15

Using ….because…
This conjunction is used with similarities or sentences whose ideas or meaning agree
Because should be connected to the clause whose action happens or happened first 
Examples 
1.	Sanyu is clever. Sanyu passed PLE. 
Sanyu passed PLE because she is clever.
2.	The girl was poor. She had one dress. 
The girl had one dress because she was poor.
Activity 
Use ‘because’  in these sentences
1.	Birungi is beautiful. She passed the beauty contest
2.	Paul ran his fastest. Paul was the first in the race
3.	Onyait was brave. Onyait killed a lion
4.	Walakira know English very well. He can speak it for a long time  

Using so……..that…/ such a…..that….
Example
1.	He was rich. He bought the whole village. 
2.	He was so rich that he bought the whole village
3.	He was a very popular gentleman. He was elected the president 
4.	He was so popular that he was elected the president 
5.	He was a popular gentleman 
6.	He was elected the president 
7.	He was such a popular gentleman that he was electd the president 
8.	She was an old woman
9.	He could not walk on her own 
10.	She was such an old woman that she could not walk on her own
Activity 
Mk precise primary English book 5 pg 127 task 36

Prefer to
The word prefer is used to mean that one likes something ‘more than’ it is used when one has to choose one item form among others 
Examples 
1.	Mike likes rice more than millet
2.	Mike prefers rice to millet
3.	I like English more than mathematics 
4.	I prefer English to mathematics 
Activity 
Mk precise primary English bk5 pg 143 task 47

LESSON   18   

ASPECT:  COMPREHENSION,
VEHICLE REPAIR
Vocabulary practice
New words
Vehicle						garage			screw jerk 
A break down truck				mechanic		spare parts
Repair						pump			tow
Engine						puncture			toolbox
Flat tyre						rubber solution		tube
A fuel pump					tyre			a screw driver 

Using the vocabulary words to construct meaningful sentences 
Guided composition
Mk primary English new curriculum bk5 pg 12 composition 1
Passage 
Mk primary English bk5 pg 10 (Sennyonga’s second hand vehicle) 
Poem
My small motor car pg 24
Guided conversation 
Kapere and his bicycle pg 30

Print media 
Vocabulary 
Advertisement, announcement, article, backpage, brochure, reporter, story, column, columnist, crossword, editor, editorial, front page, puzzle, journalist, magazine, media, newsletter, newspaper, pull out, cartoon
Using the vocabulary words to construct sensible sentences

Passage
The media house 
Pg 48 Mk primary English bk5 new curriculum
Jumbled sentences 
Pg 52 Mk primary English bk5 new curriculum
Advertisement 
Mk primary English bk5 old curriculum  pg 62
Poem 
The media house Mk new curriculum pg 46

Travelling 
Vocabulary practice 
About, fare, speed, cycle, passenger, coach, seat, conductor, luggage, reduce, travel, by, ticket, destination, arrive, departure, further, taxi, reach

Using the vocabulary words to construct meaningful sentences 

Passage
My journey to Arua Mk primary English bk5 new curriculum pg 70 – 71

Dialogue 
Waiting at the clock Mk primary English bk5 new curriculum pg 65 – 66

Travel chart 
Mk primary English bk5 new curriculum pg 68

TERM II
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE
It expresses what will happen in future/ tomorrow.
Helping verbs are – will and shall 
I	shall		it	will
We                                  He        will
                                       She            
                                       They  

Affirmative sentences
Examples
1.  We shall help you.
2.  You will pay for this.
3.  He will bring a car.

Affirmative sentences can change to negative sentences.
Shall not in short is shan’t  
Will not in short is won’t  

Examples
1.  We shan’t help you.
2.  You won’t pay for this.
3.  He will not bring a car.

Re- write the sentences in negative 
1.  The woman will sell her car.
2.  He will play very well.
3.  We shall win the match.
4.  I shall come to school tomorrow.
5.  He will tell you everything.
6.  The child will cry in the room.
7.  My father will go to Kampala.
8.  They will bring soft drinks,
9.  She will sing a nice song.
10.  I shall wash my feet.

Interrogative sentences
Affirmative sentences can be changed to interrogative.

Examples
1.  The dogs will run on the ground.
2.  Will the dogs run on the ground?

2.  We shall write a good letter.
     Shall we write a good letter?

3.  She will break the mirror.
     Will she break the mirror  

NB:  The helping verb begins the sentence while writing in interrogative.
Evaluation:  Change to interrogative
1.  I shall do my work.
2.  Joyce will write on the blackboard.
3.  My father will know this.
4.  She will keep her promise.
5.  Your mother will come to school
6.  They will put you in trouble.
7.  This ;ay will stay here.
8.  We shall go there.
9.  They will help you in this game.
10.  I shall go to his house.

QUESTION TAGS
Examples 
1.	She will clean the classroom 
2.	We shall collect the rubbish 
3.	The dog will guard our home 
EVALUATION 
SUPPLY SUITABLE QUESTIONS TAGS 
1.	He will take an oath, …………?
2.	They will fix the poles, ………….?
3.	Angella will arrange the flowers, ……..?
4.	We shall call him, ………..?
5.	The baby will cry, …………?
6.	I shall go to school, ……….?
7.	The child will tear the book, ………..?
8.	We shall talk to him, ………..?

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES
Sentence is said to be in the active voice when it starts with the subject (doer) 
On the other hand, sentences in the passive voice begin with the object (receiver) 
The active can be changed to the passive if the active form of the sentence has both a subject and an object 
Example 
Annet play (cannot be change) 

The passive voice is possible in all tenses. However if the subject in the active voice is not specific, we don’t mention it in the passive voice.

Someone beat Amos (active) 
Amos was beaten . (passive) 

THE PRESENT TENSES
The present simple 
The passive form of the present simple tense is used in the order below 
Is, am , are plus a past participle verb 
Example 
1.	I love Judith (active) 
Judith is loved by me. (passive) 
2.	Cars carry people. (active) 
People are carried by cars. (passive 
3.	The doctor warns me against smoking cigarettes. (active)
I am warned against smoking cigarettes by the doctor (passive) 
Present continuous 
The passive form of the present continuous tense is used in the order below 
Is being, am being, are being + a past participle verb

Examples 
1.	I am eating food. (active) 
Food is being eaten by me. (passive) 
2.	Cars are carrying people. (active) 
People are being carried by cars. (passive)
3.	The doctor is warning me against smoking cigarettes (active) 
I am being warned against smoking cigarettes by the doctor (passive) 

THE PRESENT PERFECT 
The passive form of the present perfect tense is used in the order below 
Has been, have been + a past participle verb
Examples 
1.	I have eaten food. (active) 
Food has been eaten by me. (passive)) 
2.	Cars have carried people. (active) 
People have been carried by cars. (passive) 
3.	The doctor has warned me against smoking cigarettes (active)
I have been warned against smoking cigarettes by the doctor. (passive) 

Activity 
Change these sentences into passive 
1.	Akello learns music 
2.	The dog hates bones 
3.	He sleeps on the bed
4.	Kato plays football
5.	Lions eat other animals 
6.	I am writing a letter
7.	They are carrying firewood
8.	Moses is repairing a radio
9.	She sis playing netball
10.	They are beating me 
11.	He has cleaned the table 
12.	Ugandans have built nice houses 
13.	Mary has written a letter
14.	We have learnt English 
15.	I have broken the cup 

THE PAST TENSE 
THE PAST SIMPLE 
The passive form of the past simple tense is used in the order below; was, were + a past perfect verb

Examples 
1.	I loved Judith (active) 
Judith was loved by me (passive)
2.	Cars carried people (active) 
People were carried by cars. (passive) 
3.	The doctor warned me against smoking cigarettes (active)
I was warned against smoking cigarettes by the doctor. (passive) 
THE PAST CONTINUOUS 
The passive form of the past continuous tense is used in the given order; was being, were being + a past perfect verb
Examples 
1.	I was eating food. (active) 
2.	Food was being eaten by me. (passive) 
3.	Cars were carrying people (active) 
4.	People were being carried by cars. (passive) 
5.	The doctor was warning me against smoking cigarettes (active) 
6.	I was being warned against smoking cigarettes by the doctor. (passive) 
THE PAST PERFECT 
The passive form of the past perfect tense is used in the order below; had been + a past participle verb
Examples 
1.	I had eaten food. (active) 
2.	Food had been eaten by me. (passive) 
3.	Cars had carried people (active) 
4.	People had been carried by cars. (passive) 
5.	The doctor had warned me against smoking cigarettes (active) 
6.	I had been warned against smoking cigarettes by the doctor (passive) 

Activity 
Change these sentences in passive 
1.	He ate food
2.	James broke the glass
3.	The boy ate an orange
4.	They greeted us 
5.	He stole our books
6.	Abraham put more salt in the sauce
7.	The cat was eating rats
8.	They were repairing his bed
9.	That woman was telling us some news 
10.	Jane had seen the robbers
11.	It had taken the chick
12.	I had hidden it under the mat 
13.	They had found him in the kitchen 
14.	Ssemanda had played football.

THE FUTURE TENSES 
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE 
The passive form of the future simple tense is got from the order below ; will be + a past participle verb 
Examples 
1.	I shall eat food. (active) 
2.	Food will be eaten by me. (passive) 
3.	Cars will carry people (active) 
4.	People will be carried by cars. (passive) 
5.	The doctor will warn me against smoking cigarettes. (active) 
6.	I shall be warned against smoking cigarettes by the doctor. (passive 
Activity
Change these sentences into passive 
1.	They will take the ball
2.	He will beat us 
3.	We shall carry it 
4.	I shall answer many questions 
5.	I will learn science 
6.	They will guide us 
7.	They will sweep the class
8.	Okot will play football tomorrow 
Change the following into active 
1.	Meat is eaten by lions 
2.	The song is sung by children 
3.	A novel is being read by Annet 
4.	Music is being listened to by my father 
5.	Prizes have been given to us by Tom
6.	We were greeted by Ali
7.	A chair has been sat on by a boy 
8.	I was asked to come with a pen by Dianah
9.	The brief case was being closed by Simon
10.	He was being sent to a boarding school by his mother 
11.	The ball will be taken by Moses
12.	She will be punished by the teacher 

ASPECT:  ADJECTIVES
Adjectives are words which modify a noun
Examples
Young ,  new,  old ,  blue,  beautiful  , big, tall , short, long , loud ,  talkative , colourful , handsome,  orange, dangerous.

Forms of Adjectives
1.  Positive degree   -  ( one) 
2.  Comparative degree -  Compare  two things /  people 
			( add –er   or  more   to the adjectives)  
3.  Superlative degree  -  Compares more than two.	
	( add – est,  most to the adjectives)  
1.  Add  “r”    or   “ st”  
fine		finer		finest			pure		purer		purest
safe		safer		safest			idle		idler		idlest
wide		wider		widest			simple		simpler		simplest
rude		ruder		rudest			brave		braver		bravest
large		larger		largest			wise		wiser		wisest
white		whiter		whitest

2.  Double the last consonant
big		bigger		biggest		hot		hotter		hottest
thin		thinner		thinnest		glad		gladder		gladdest
wet		wetter		wettest		sad		sadder		saddest
fat		fatter		fattest

3.  Add    ‘er”    or   “ est”
tall				taller				tallest		
small				smaller				smallest
thick				thicker				thickest
high				higher				highest
young				younger				youngest
long				longer				longest

strong									hard
fast									clear
new									rich
clean									poor
sweet									deep
few									soft
cold									quick
clear									proud
near									loud
old									short
clever   

4.  Adjective which end with  ‘y’ drop  ‘y’    add   ‘iest’    or   ‘  ier’  

happy			happier			happiest
ugly			uglier			ugliest
lazy			lazier			laziest
heavy			heavier			heaviest
dry			drier			driest
busy			busier			busiest
easy			easier			easiest
dirty
early
pretty
healthy
merry  

Adjectives that  take       ‘more’        or       ‘most’
1.  beautiful			more beautiful			most beautiful
2.  careful			more careful			most careful
3.  comfortable			more  comfortable		most  comfortable
4.  ignorant			more ignorant			most  ignorant
5.  wonderful			more wonderful			most  wonderful
6.  handsome			more handsome			most handsome
7.  interesting
8.  industrious
9.  studious
10.  dangerous
11.  difficult   

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE
These change the original word.
1.  bad		worse		worst
2.  good		better		best
3.  well		better		best
4.  far		further		furthest
5.  little		less		least
6.  much		more		most
7.  many		more		most
8.  ill		worse		worst
9.  far		farther		farthest
10.  old		elder		eldest   

EVALUATION  
Use the correct degree of adjective given in the brackets to complete the sentences
1.  Micheal  is the  ......................................boy  in our class.  ( good) 
2.  Joseph  is  .........................................than Richard.  ( heavy) 
3.  The box is  .................................than that box.  ( light)
4.  My house is  .................................than yours.  ( near) 
5.  Which is the  ..................................... building in Nairobi.  ( tall) 
6.  Peter is  ....................................than George.  ( weak) 
7.  Mary is the  ................................girl in our class.  ( short) 
8.  Please give me  ................................milk.  ( much) 
9.  What is the  ...............................news. ( late) 
10.  I came  ..................................than you.  ( early) 
11.  He is the  ................................of the twins.  ( old) 
12.  Show is the  ................................cloth.  ( fine) 
13.  This  flower is  .........................than that flower.  ( beautiful) 
14.  His mother is  ..............................today.  ( well) 
15.  James is the  ..........................................of the two boys.  ( clever) 

ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
1.	In the order of adjectives, the adjectives have to come before the noun they are describing while in relative pronoun and “and’ the adjectives come after the nouns they are describing.
2.	In the order of adjectives, the number or quantity adjective comes first while in relative pronoun and “and” the number of quantity adjective comes before the noun it is describing.
3.	In “relative pronoun” and “and” when the answer has poor ending (incomplete) you create your own ending to have complete meaning.
4.	In use of ‘relative pronoun” and “ad” we separate the adjectives with commas while in the order of adjective we don’t put commas.  This is because the commas are used only when the last two adjectives are separated with “ and”  

Order of adjectives
Number  /  opinion/  shape /  size /  age /  colour  /  origin/  material .   NOPSHACOM
Examples
1.  One smart small young brown Ugandan girl.
2.  Several good wide new black Korean T.V sets.
3.  Three stubborn short horned new brown bullocks

EVALUATION 
Join the following sentences in order of adjectives without using “and”  
1.  I solved numbers.  They were good.  They were fifteen.
2.  The tree is large.  It is green.  It is wonderful.  It was cut down.
3.  She brought children. They were young.  They were black.  They were ignorant.  They were slim.
     They were from Uganda.  They were several.
4.  My father took a man.  The man was brown.  The man was from India.  
The man was handsome.     The man was fat.
5.  The ladies are hardworking.  They are ten.  They are brown.
     They are old.  The are red – eyed.  They are from Zaire.
6.  The priest gave him stones.  They were indigo.  They were gracious.  They were many.
7.  He was given a shirt.  It was red.  It was cotton.  
     It was made from India.  It was new.  It was big.   
The use of positive degree with 
as ....................as,   not so  ..................as  
as ..............................as   

This as ...............as conjunction is used when comparing things or people in affirmative sentence.
as ………as……… is used to illustrate the equality of the nouns being compared.

Examples
1.  James is hardworking.  Sarah is hardworking.
     James is as hardworking as Sarah.
2.  My sister is proud.  I am also proud.
     My sister is as proud as I am.

NB.  After   as ..........as , any pronoun used should be in a nominative case.  e.g.    I, they,  she,  he,  it,  you

     Not  so  .....................as  
It is used when one sentence is negative and another is am affirmative sentence.
In negative sentences we say .................not  so  .......as .......

Examples
1.  This room is big.  That room is not big.
     That room is not so big as this one
2.  I am not old.  He is old.
     I am not so old as he is 
3.  My father is tall.  My mother is taller.
     My father is not so tall as my mother.

EVALUATION
Re – write using..............as................as   or   ............not  so  .................as  
1.  Simiyu  is very clever.  Basibala is very clever.
2.  Awino is very brave.  She is like a lion.
3.  Sanyu is bright.  Her sister betty is brighter.
4.  Wamanga is kind.  I am also kind.
5.  Mary is ten years old.  Suzan is ten years old.
6.  Wetaya is very fast.  Maiso is very kind.
7.  My hen lays 5 eggs in a week.  James’ hen lays 3 legs in a week.
8.  Weneloba is a cunning boy.  He is like a fox.
9.  The boys were active.  The girls were more active.
10.  Wesonga is tall.  Wanjusi is taller.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS 
These pronouns are used in clauses which are related i.e. relative clauses 
In most cases they are used as conjunctions (joining words). They include; who, whom, whose, which, and that 
How to use relative pronouns 
Who refers to people 
Which refers to animals or things 
That refers to people, animals or things 
Whose and whom are used to refer to people 

Examples 
1.	John is the one who took your pen yesterday. (person) 
2.	That dog is the one which barked at us. (animal) 
3.	I cannot remember the book that I promised to lend you. (thing) 
4.	I met the Dutch whose name was Adams. (person) 
5.	The girl whom you thought could get a first grade is pregnant. (person) 

Activity 
Choose the correct pronoun from the brackets to complete the sentences correctly 
1.	From ……….bookshop did you buy that book? (what, which, that) 
2.	That is the man…….cat was stolen. (who, which, whose) 
3.	May you suggest a day………we can meet. (that, which , when) 
4.	What is the name of the school ……your brother goes to? (which, where, that ) 
5.	Did he tell you about the proposal……..he wanted to present to the management committee? (that, which, when) 
6.	Those are the desks …….legs broke off. (who, whose , which ) 
Activity 
Complete these sentences with the correct pronoun
1.	That is the teacher…….teaches us mathematics
2.	This is the cow………….we bought from Kenya.
3.	…………car was stolen?
4.	I injured my leg ……….got broken last week.
5.	Denis is a careless pupil. ……….is hated by everyone 
6.	I saw the man…………saved the girl form the lion 

Using relative pronouns as conjunctions 
Examples 
1.	The man was taken to the hospital. The man was seriously injured
2.	The man who was seriously injured was taken to the hospital 
3.	The rabbit was later trapped. The rabbit had run very fast. 
4.	The rabbit which had run very fast was later trapped.
5.	The soldier was badly hurt. The children saw him. 
6.	The soldier whom the children saw was badly hurt.
7.	The cow died. Its tail was cut off. 
8.	The cow whose tail was cut off died
Activity 
Join the sentences using relative pronouns 
1.	The house girl was taken away. The house girl was a fool.
2.	The money was stolen. The money was in the desk.
3.	The sweepers will sweep again. The sweepers swept yesterday.
4.	The puff adder was running down the river. The pug adder was killed
5.	The lazy boy will do all the punishment alone. The lazy boy is lame
6.	The lady was carrying a beautiful bag. The lady was beaten 
7.	The tree had very good timber. The carpenter cut it 
8.	The hen was eaten by a wild cat. The owner was looking for it 
9.	The pupils had done the corrections. The teacher didn’t beat them 
10.	The twins were both born alive. The twins were born last evening 
11.	He went to the furniture mart. You told him about it
12.	Our teacher has a car. Our teacher comes from Tororo.
Using as….as../ not as…….as……….
This conjunction is used when comparing two things or people 
After………as…….as, any pronoun used should be in the nominative case e.g. I, he, you, they, wet etc
Examples 
He is big. I am big. He is as big as I am 
I am old. He is also old. I am old as he is 

As……….a…..
This conjunction can also be used in negative sentences. In negative sentences we say: ….not as……..as….
Examples 
I am rich. He is richer. I am not rich as he is 
Mercy is educated. You are more educated. Mercy is not as educated as you are 
Activity 
Mk precise bk5 pg 145 task 48

The…….the …….(double comparatives) 
We use two clauses where each starts with ‘the’ followed by an adjective in comparative degree. A comma should be used when writing sentences with double comparatives
Example 
As you go high, it becomes cool
The higher you go, the cooler it becomes 
When you grow old, you become wise
The older you grow, the wiser you become 

Activity 
1.	If you do little work, you will get little money.
2.	When they give us more food, we shall become happy.
3.	If the chairs are comfortable, they will have a big market 
4.	When the shop grew bigger, the workers became busy 
5.	When the sun shines more, it becomes hot
6.	If you come early, you will be busy 
7.	As you stood far, you became small

Enough….to
Examples 
1.	He ran fast. He won the race
2.	He ran fast enough to win the race
3.	The wind was very strong. It blew off the roof of his house
4.	The wide was strong enough to blow off the roof of his house
5.	The shopkeeper was very foolish. He did not save any money.
6.	The shopkeeper was not wise enough to save any money 
7.	Tom is very young. He can’t go to school.
8.	Tom is not old enough to go to school 
Activity 
Join the following sentences using ‘enough’
1.	Oketcho is very strong. He will lift it alone.
2.	Diana is clever. She will get a first grade.
3.	Masaka is a fertile district. All bananas Uganda needs can be grown in Masaka district.
4.	This food is not ready. We cannot eat it 
5.	He was weak. He could not lift the bag.
6.	Musoke is short. He cannot touch the roof
7.	The man is poor. He cannot buy a car

In order to/ so as/ so that 
These three conjunctions are delt with together because they are used in the same way and thus have the same meaning. They are used when one wishes to taste the reason for doing something 
Examples 
1.	He washes car in order to get school fees
2.	He washes cars so as to get school fees
3.	He washes cars so that he can get school fees
4.	He washed cars so that he could get school fees
5.	She hid her face so that she could not be seen 
Activity 
Mk precise bk5 pg 142

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (IF CLAUSE) 
Conditional clauses are used to express conditions. They are also called if clauses. They are called conditional clauses because of a certain condition is supposed or imagined to be fulfilled in order for an action to take place. Conditional clauses contain the word if or unless
Example 
John will be pleased if he passes exams (It means that John will be pleased only when he passes exams) 
Conditional sentences are divided into three; conditional clause I (if 1) conditional clause 2 (if 2), conditional clause 3 (if 3) 
Conditional clause I (if 1)
Conditional clause I expresses that something is going to happen or chances for it to happen are high if a certain condition is fulfilled 
Examples 
1.	If Mary buys that skirt, she will become smart. 
2.	I shall fall sick if I eat dirt.
3.	If your father gives you school fees, you will go to school

Guidelines on the use of if 1 
We use the present simple tense in the if clause and the future simple tense in the main clause 
Example 
1.	If I get money, I shall buy a radio 
2.	Mother will punish us if we don’t complete the work 
3.	If Juma comes, we shall go together 

The condition to be fulfilled is contained in the if clause and the action to take place is in the main clause 
We use the present tense in the if clause and the imperative in the main clause when telling or advising a person to do something because of a relevant condition 
Examples
1.	if he comes, tell him I have gone to town
2.	if you are sick go to the hospital 
3.	if you become thirsty, get a cold drink 

When talking or asking about facts or general truths we use the present tense in both the main and if clauses 
Examples 
1.	If you heat metals, they expand
2.	If you uproot a plant, it dries up 
3.	If I have a bad dream, I experience the opposite 

When an if clause comes first put a comma after it and before the main clause 
Example 
1.	If he comes, I shall go

When the main clause comes first there is no need of a comma
Example 
I shall go if he comes 

At times the word ‘when is used instead of ‘if’ once we are sure that the condition will be fulfilled 
Example 
When I die, I will rot
When mercy fails, force is applied 

Activity 
Use the words in the brackets to complete the following sentences in if I 
1.	If you get a first grade, your father……….for you a bicycle. (buy) 
2.	The dog will eat the bone if it…………it (get) 
3.	………..happy if I learn how to ride a bicycle. (be) 
4.	The children …………….by the rope if they see a tree to tie it on. (swing) 
5.	If our father …………now, we shall be in trouble. (remember) 
6.	We……a wheelbarrow if we are refusing to study hard. (push) 
7.	If that girl has been behaving like that, the headmaster ……….her. (expel) 
8.	They ……..this exercise if they get time. (finish) 
9.	If I receive your letter, I ….it tomorrow. (deliver) 
10.	If you come early, you …………with no punishment. (pass)
11.	If the plane……….(come) we …………(go)
12.	Geoffrey………(find) you her if you……..(delay) 
13.	I ………..(tell) him if he …….(come) 
14.	I …………….(not give) him the book if he doesn’t pay for it.
15.	If he……………..(go) his father will be sad.

Conditional clause 2 (if clause 2) 
This clause is used to express a condition which is impossible and whose result we are only imagining. 
Unlike in if 1 where there is a possibility of the condition being fulfilled in if 2 one is just imagining what would happen if the impossible came true.
In if 2 the condition cannot be fulfilled at all it is just day dreaming 
Example 
1.	If I were you, I wouldn’t eat posho. (It is impossible for one to turn into someone else) 
2.	If I were God, I would leave man to live forever. (it is impossible for me to become God)

Guidelines on the use of if 2
We use the past simple tense in if clause and a would + a verb in the present tense in the main clause 
Example 
If I were a king, I would not look poor.
We often use ‘were’ instead of ‘was’ in order to put emphasis on the nature of the impossibility 
Example 
If he were a snake, he would bite all sinners.
While in the affirmative it remains ….as…….as……
Activity 
Ref. Mk precise English grammar pg 145 task 48 numbers 1 – 10

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS
An abbreviation is a short form of a word.  Full stops are used in abbreviations.
Ag.  – acting  						Mt.  mountain
am  -  before noon ( ante meridian)                        O.K   -  all  correct   
Ave.  -  Avenue                          P.S.V   - public  service  vehicle  Co.  -  company 	Rev.  -     Reverend 
C.O.D  - cash on delivery 	Sec   -    secretary 
Dr.  -  Doctor  	Vs.   - Versus
i.o.u  -  I owe you 	                    Yr.  Year     
Ltd   -  Limited 					PAYE  -  Pay  as you earn 
Ms.   -  Miz  	      Capt  -   Captain  
P.P   -  On behalf   of  	      P.T.O  -  Please Turn Over  
P.m  -  afternoon  ( Post meridiem) 	C.A.O  -  Chief Administrative officer 
P.O  -  Post office  	     L.C  -  Local council  
R.I.P  -  Rest in peace            NARO  -  National Agricultural ResearchOrganization
R.S.V.P  -  reply if you can please  ( Please reply) 
Rd. -   road  	St.  Saint 
U.P.E  -  Universal Primary Examination	W.e.f   -  with effect from   
URA  -  Uganda Revenues Authority 	Viz   -  namely 
Ref.  Reference	Via  -   by  way  of   
abbr -  abbreviation                                	    Cf.   – compare 
a/c  -   account 	 do  -  the same
assn  -  association	 dept  -  department
asst  -   assistant                         	  e.g.      -    except grata ( for example) 
C/o   -  care of                          	    Gov’t    -  Government 
i.e    -  that is  ( id est)               	   Jr.  Junior    
CONTRACTION  
These are also short forms.  A word is shortened using an apostrophe  
Is not    -   isn’t             	   It is  -  it’s                                        I would    -  I’d  
Cannot   -   can’t 	never  -  ne’ er                                      ought  not   -   ought’t  
Will not  -  won’t	he is  -  he’s 		       Do not  -  don’t  
Has not  -  hasn’t	he will not  -  he won’t                          should not  -  shouldn’t 
Have not  -  haven’t	I am  -  I’m			over  -  o’ er 
Shall not  -  shan’t 	I have   - I’ve			of the clock  -  o’clock 
Must not  -  mustn’t	I will  - I ‘ll			wherever   -  where’re 
That is  - that’s	they will  - they’ll			you will  - you ‘ll
There is – there’s	we have  - we’ve			you are  - you’re 
Let us  -  let’s	All is  - all’s

EVALUATION 
Abbreviate the following words.
Thursday 	....................................		Road  -	.......................
August 	.............................		By way of  -	...............................
Mistress   .....................................		That is ................................
Limited	.....................................
Gentlemen	...................................
afternoon	.................................
Please Turn over  ............................
Write in full 
U.N.E.B	................................			R.S.V.P  -	................................
M.P  -		............................			Capt  -	......................
I’m    -	...............................			B.C	-	...............................
U.P.E  -	...............................			There’s -	................................
Complete each sentence by using the correct word chosen from the brackets
1.  A dog wags  .............................tall when  .........................pleased.  ( its , It’s) 
2.  The teacher asked  .........................fountain pen it was.  ( who’s  , whose  )  
3.  I  .....................................got your cricket ball.  ( haven’t,  ain’t  ) 
4.  Tony  thinks  ............................... a lovely little puppy.  (its,  it’s  ) 
5.  That’s the boy  ..............................father was injured.  ( who’s  ,  whose)  
6.  I hope  you  .....................................wet.  ( ain’t  , aren’t ) 
7.  We want to know  ..............................to pay for the outing.  ( who’s  ,  whose ) 
8.  Robert  ...............................like swimming.  ( doesn’t  , don’t) 
9.  ................................. to say  ......................fault it is?  ( who’s  whose ) 
10.  They  ...................... come to our house very often now.  ( doesn’t  ,  don’t )  

ASPECT:  JUNIOR ENGLISH 
SIMILES
When a description of something or someone is made in comparison to something else.  We call that kind of comparison a simile.  They shoe special characteristics and qualities of things.

Examples						
As ageless as the sun 						as high as heaven 
As agile as a money 						as hot as fire
As alike as two peas						as ignorant as a child
As angry as a wasp						as impatient as a lover
As bare as a stone						as innocent  as a lamb
As black as coal 							as jealous as a cat
As blind as a bat 							as large as life
As busy as a bee/ants						as lazy as a toad
As bright as a new silver coin					as light as a feather
As brittle as a glass						as loud as thunder
As brown as a berry 						as low as the grave
As careless as wind						as mean as a miser
As clean as a new pin 						as merciless as a grave
As cold as ice							as abstinate as a mule
As cool as cucumber 						as old as the hills
As crafty as a fox							as patient as job
As cunning as a fox						as peaceful as sleep
As cruel as death 						as playful as a kitten
As cunning as a fox						as poor as a church mouse
As dead as a door nail 						as proud as a peacock
As deaf as a door post 						as quick as lightening 
As deep as the sea						as quite as a mouse
As delicious as a forbidden fruit					as rare as a blue rose	
As dry as a bone 							as round as an orange
As dump as a mouse 						as secret as a thought
As easy as ABS							as lifeless as stones
As empty as space						as serious as a doctor
As fast as light							as sharp as a razor blade
As fat as a pig							as sick as a dog
As flat was a pancake						as silent as a grave	
As foolish as a calf						as slow as a snail
As flesh as daisy 							as sober as a judge
As friendly as a puppy     						as solid as rocks
As glad as a fly							as steady as a rock 
As gloomy as night						as strong as an ox
As good as gold							as sweet as honey 
As graceful as the swam						as  swift as a deer
As green as  grass						as tall as a giant
As hairless as an egg						as  timid as a rabbit
As hairy as a gorilla						as thick as thieves
As handsome as paint						as thin as a stick
As happy as a king						as ugly as a sin 
As harmless as a dove						as useful as a cow
As hasty as a dove						as voiceless as a tomb
As heavy as lead/elephant						as warm as wool
As weak as water
As wise as an owl
As white as snow
As wise as king Solomon

EVALUATION
Complete the following exercise
1.  as .....................as an owl.		11.  as green as ..........................  
2.  as sweet as ........................		12.  as busy as ...............................
3.  as soft as  ...................................		13.  as black as  ................................
4.  as sharp as  .................................	14.  as  ....................as a horse
5.  as  ..............................as a feather.	15.  as warm as  ..................................
6.  as  ...........................as a kitten		16.  as  ..............................as a grave.
7.  as fat as  ......................................	17.  as  ............................as a giant.
8.  as  ........................as lighting		18.  as happy as  .......................... .
9.  as blind as  .................................		19.  as  .............................as a snail.
10.  as  ..............................as ice           	   20.  as hot as  ..............................  .

COMPREHENSION
UNIT  7 AND 8:  LETTER WRITING 
Vocabulary practice
Invite, letter, envelope, address, card, occasion, party, guest, host, hostess, ceremony, affection, sincerely, yours, dear, sender, receiver, writer, from, reply

Using vocabulary words to construct meaningful sentences 
Reading a letter and answering questions about the letter Mk primary English Bk5 new curriculum pg 96
Writing personal leters 
Steps to follow  (using block method) 
Writer’s address
Date
Greeting / salutation e.g. Dear John
Body (message to the addressee) 
Ending the letter e.g. your friend,
Signature (name of writer in small letters) 

Rearranging the jumbled letter (Mk primary English bk5 new curriculum pg 99 – 100)
Reading and answering questions from an invitation letter. Mk primary English book 5 old curriculum pg 163
Designing an invitation card 

Communication 
The post office
Vocabulary 
Aerogramme, box rental, directory, letter box, letter slot, mail, money order, package, parcel, private box, post, post office, registered letter, stamp, telegram 

Using the vocabulary word to make meaningful sentences
Passage 
What is a post office? (Mk bk5 new curriculum pg 114 – 115)

Guided composition 
Posta Uganda pg 116

Dialogue
Do we still need the post office? MK bk5 new curriculum pg 111

The telephone 
Vocabulary 
Airtime, airtime card, call, fixed line, handset, landline, load, mobile telephone, network mast, receiver, subscribers, identification, module, sim card, teleface, telephone, telephone directory, tokens 
Using the vocabulary words to construct sensible sentences 

Passage 
The telephone Mk bk5 new curriculum pg 130

Poem
Mk bk5 new curriculum pg 149

Guided composition 
A mobile phone Mk bk5 new curriculum pg 132

Dialogue 
The mobile phone Mk bk 5 new curriculum pg 129 – 130

The internet 
Vocabulary 
Email, website, surfing, computer, internet, google, internet explorer, delete, save, open, scroll, search, log, folder, service fee, page, sign in, sign out, café, virus, yahoo, search engine

Using the vocabulary words to construct sensible sentences 

Passage
The internet Mk bk5 new curriculum pg 152 – 153

Guided composition 
The internet Mk bk5 new curriculum pg 154

Reading the email message and answering questions Mk bk5 new curriculum pg 150

CULTURE 
NATIONALITIES 
Vocabulary 
American, Brazilian, English, French, German, Indian, Rwandan, Kenyan, Japanese, Scottish, Sudanese, Tanzanian, Ugandan

Using vocabulary words to construct meaningful sentences 

Passage
A feast for all nationalities MK bk5 new curriculum pg 163 – 164

Guided conversation
Mk primary bk5 new curriculum pg 167

Dialogue
Mk bk 5 old curriculum pg 145

Languages 
Vocabulary 
Chinese, English, French, German, Ibo, Lumasaba, Ateso, Kinyarwanda, Kiswahili, Latin, Lingala, Luo, Runyakitara, Luganda, Lusoga, 

Using the given vocabulary to make sentences 

Passage
The concert day MK bk5 new curriculum pg 182 – 183

Guided composition
Mk bk 5 new curriculum pg 184

Dialogue 
Learn many languages Mk bk 5 new curriculum pg 181

TERM III
SPEECHES 
There are two types of speeches ; direct and indirect speech
Direct speech
In direct speech, one reports using the actual words of the speaker 
It is made of two parts 
The speech tag 
The actual words used. These actual words used always start with a capital letter and must be between quotation marks 
Examples 
I said(speech tag)  – “I am learning English now” (actual words) 
He says speech tag)  – “Don’t eat this food” (Actual words) 

INDIRECT SPEECH 
In indirect speech one reports but not using the actual words of the speaker.
It is made of three parts 
The speech tag
The conjunction joining word) 
The said words 
Examples
1.	I said that I was learning English then. 
2.	She says that she eats meat every Sunday 
3.	We can change from direct speech to indirect speech and vice versa 

Words that change when changing from direct to indirect speech
Direct 	Indirect
This	that
These	those
Here	there
Now	then
Ago	before
Today	that day
Tomorrow	the next day/ following day 
Yesterday	precious day/ day before 
Last 	previous
Come	go 
Bring	take
I	he/she
We	they
My	his/her
Our	their
Am	was
Will /shall	would
May	might
Can 	could
You	her/they/him
Are	were
Must	had to 
Must not	was not to/ were not to 
Me	her/him
Us	them 

NB: If a word is already given in its changed form, you leave it as it is i.e. take remains ‘take’

Changing statements from direct to indirect speech 
Reporting statements in present simple tense 
If the speech tag is in present simple tense, the said words should also remain in present simple tense

Examples 
Direct: He says, “I eat meat everyday”
Indirect: He says that he eats meat everyday.
Direct: They say “we drink water everyday”
Indirect: 	They say that they drink water everyday 
Examples
If the speech tag is in past simple tense. The said words should be changed to the past simple tense 
1.	He said “I eat meat every day” (direct) 
He said that he ate meat every day (indirect )
2.	They said :we drink water every day. (direct)
They said that they drank water every day 

Activity 
Change the sentence below to indirect speech 
1.	She says, “I bring this pen every Tuesday.”
2.	The girls say, “We dress well every Monday.”
3.	The man says, “these wasps sting us every day”
4.	The patients say, “we don’t take medicine everyday 
5.	She said, “I bring this pen every Tuesday 
6.	The girls said, “we dress well every Monday”
7.	The man said, “these wasps sting us every day 
8.	The patients said, “we don’t take medicine every day 

 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE 
Present continuous tense changes to past continuous and “now” changes to  “then”  “today” changes to “that day”

Examples
1.  He said, “I am drinking this water now.  (DIRECT) 
     He said that he was drinking that water them.  ( INDIRECT) 
2.  “I am taking these books home now,” Jane said.  (INDIRECT) 
      Jane said that she was taking those books home then.
3.	The patients say, “we are taking medicine”
The patients say that they are taking that medicine 
4.	Jane said, “I am taking these books now”
Jane said that she was taking those books then 
Activity:  
Change from direct to indirect speech 
1.	The headmaster said, “I am going to Masaka now.”
2.	The classmonitor said, “I am collecting books after this lesson”
3.	The actor said, “we are bringing this play here”
4.	They said, “we are taking this car now”
5.	She said, “Joan is sleeping in the classroom today”
6.	The hunter said, “I am hunting for wild animals there?

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Present perfect tense changes to past perfect tense.

Examples:
1.  The teacher said, “I have spoken to you about your dressing.” (DIRECT) 
     The teacher said that he/she had spoken to her/him/me about her/his/my dressing.  (INDIRECT) 
Activity 
Change from direct to indirect speech 
1.	They said, “we have spoilt this desk”
2.	Birungi says, “she has lost her name infront of all these people”
3.	She said, “I have gone this afternoon”
4.	The girl said, “this dog has bitten this baby today”
5.	The priest said, “I have received this gift from my friend 
6.	His sister said, Mary has not recovered her money”

PAST SIMPLE TENSE
Past simple tense changes to past perfect tense.
Example:
1.  She said, “The hen laid this egg last week.”  (DIRECT) 
She said that the hen had laid that egg the previous week.  (INDIRECT) 

ACTIVITY:  
Change from direct to indirect speech
1.	Pearl said, “he sang a song well yesterday”
2.	He said, “my brother passed PLE last year”
3.	She said, “I began this journey from my home
4.	The lazy boy said, “I didn’t finish  the homework”
5.	The badly behaved girl said, “I abused my friend yesterday”
6.	The class monitor said, “I collected the books last week 

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE 
“Will” or “ shall” changes to “would’ 
Example 
1.	He will marry me” said Rachel . Rachel said that he would marry her
2.	“We shall go there next week” said the nurse 
3.	The nurse said that they would go there the following week.
4.	She said, “she will not finish her exams next year”
Activity 
Change from direct to indirect speech 
1.	The pupils said, “we shall go back tomorrow”
2.	My uncle will go to America, said Percy 
3.	Rose and Sarah said, we shall bring this luggage to your home 
4.	The policeman said, “we shan’t tolerate any wrong doer”
5.	She said, “I shall see him tomorrow”

PREPOSITIONS 
What is a preposition?
This is a short word which is used after verbs, adjectives or nouns so as to show the relationship between the subject and the object of the sentence 
Examples 
Of, to , in , into, through, against, from, for, by, with, about, at, away, out, upon, on, under, along, since, down, round 

Note 
Prepositions are used according to the meaning they give 
They are divided into the following ; preposition of time, prepositions of place, prepositions of movement 
Examples of prepositions of time 
For – period of time an action spends
Since – the point of time from which an action starts
At – exact point of time 
In – period of time 
On – days and dates 

Examples of prepositions of place 
In – relates to the location of something / somebody being with in an area e.g. he lives in Kampala 
At – something at a certain plan e.g. We met at the bank 

Examples of prepositions of movement 
These describe movement or action. They may follow a verb of movement like walk, run, drive, sail, jump, climb, fly etc
They include; to, into, through, from, past, along, across etc 
Note: 
Some prepositions consist of more than one word these are called prepositional phrases
Examples ; in spite of , in front of, run off with 
Once a preposition is followed by a pronoun the pronoun must be the objective case 
Examples include; after him, with them, between you and me, before her 
There are some words it is ot a must to use one preposition 
We can use two or more prepositions at different times depending on the subject, object or the intended meaning 
Examples; I agree with you (referring to a person) we agreed to it (referring to a thing or issue) 

COMMON PREPOSITIONS
Ref. Mk precise English grammar pg 172 – 175 
Activity 
Use for , since, on, in, by, or at where necessary in the blank spaces below 
1.	The gulf war started ………1986
2.	I have been sick ……….last Monday 
3.	They have lived in Kenya ……..a decade
4.	Peter has been waiting ……….her
5.	Our school opened………1987
6.	He will have died……….next week
7.	She passed ……..me at the constitutional square
8.	They were in Kabale ……..ten o’clock
9.	We learn science……….. Friday 
10.	He often leaves………..the afternoon 
11.	He is interested……….reading newspaper
12.	She met me……..the way 
13.	The train arrived…………time
14.	He came ………bus
15.	Somebody is knocking…….the door 
Fill in the correct preposition 
1.	Girls are normally good……..mathematics 
2.	The glass of water was full ………..poison 
3.	The car knocked …………two pupils last week
4.	I borrowed money…….Theodoro
5.	She was absent …….school yesterday 
6.	A dozen consists …………..twelve items 
7.	John is fond …….beating his friend
8.	Villa succeeded …………defeating express yesterday 
9.	Dr. Julius Nyerere died………cancer
10.	Mary got married……….Andrew
11.	He divided the mango ………..two parts
12.	Cain was jealous ……..his brother Abel
13.	Annet was guilty…………murder.
14.	I don’t believe……………life after death 
15.	I never waited……..Tom
Use the right preposition to complete these sentences correctly 
1.	The headmaster handed……the books to their owners.
2.	We have finished our prayers, turn…..that radio
3.	May you please turn…….that radio so that we can pray 
4.	Nurses look ……….sick people 
5.	Look……….that word in the dictionary
6.	He has given…………..the habit of smoking 
7.	She cut……all the trees.
8.	Paul should be advised to get……as quickly as possible 
9.	The thieves broke……..his house last night 
10.	I have been looking ………my money since last night 

MODAL VERBS (MK Precise PP 152)
Modal verbs are special groups of verbs which go before the main verb.
Subject	Modal verb	Main verb	
I	Can	Walk	
You	Could	 Come	
He	Might	Leave	
They	Will	Try	
Suzan	Would	Drive	
	Shall		
	Ought to		
	Must		
	Need to 		

Modal verbs talking about ability.
Examples
1.  Minge can drive 
     Minge knows how to drive
2.  I can speak French 
     I know how to speak French 

Activity 
Rewrite the following sentences in negative.
1.  Tom can swim
2.  The headmaster can play tennis.
3.  He could play football when he was young.
4.  Those boys can help us.
5.  They should wash those plates.

Modal verbs talking about permission.

Examples
1.  Can I use your pen, please?
     Yes of course
2.  Could I sit down here, please?
      Yes of course
       No, I am afraid not.
3.  May I come in?
     Yes, of course
      No, I’m afraid not  

Model verbs taking about request.
Examples
1.  Can you help me please?
2.  Could you answer the phone, please?
3.  Would you post this letter, Please?

Activity
Revision English Pgs 44 -  45  

Modal verbs about obligation
Obligation simply refers to rules, orders or duties.
We use:  must, have to, should, ought to etc 

Examples
1.  It’s late.  You must do your homework.
2.  You should help me push this wheelbarrow.
3.  You ought to get a job.
4.  You must stay in bed.
5.  If there are no rules, orders or duties use:  You don’t have to.

Modal talking about necessity 
If you want to talk about things it is necessary to use.  “I have to ....,
I must .......or  I need to .......

Examples
Sentences and their meanings
1.  he has to walk to school.
(It is necessary for him to walk to school) 
2.  I must get a new passport.
(It is necessary to get a new passport) 
3.  I need to buy some petrol.
(It is necessary to buy some petrol) 
4.  He had to go to hospital.
(It was necessary to go to hospital) 
NB  If there is no necessity use:  I don’t need to  .....or  I don’t have to ........

Examples
1.  You don’t have to run, you are not late.
   ( It is not necessary for you to run because you are not late) 
2.  You don’t need to get there till 9 o’clock.
( It is not necessary to get there before 9 o’clock) 
3a)  We mustn’t run.
( We are not allowed to run)  
b)  We don’t have to run.
( It is not necessary for us to run) 

Modal verbs talking about probability 
If you want to talk about the chances(risks) of something happening or not happening you can use:  may, could, might, but not can.

Examples
1.  It could rain tomorrow.
2.  It may crash.
3.  We might win.
You may put not after may and might for the negative.
Examples
She may not come.
They might not like it.
ACTIVITY:  Learners construct oral and written using
Modals talking about possibility 
You use can / could to say that situations or events are / were possible.

Examples
1.  It can be quite cold in April.
2.  Smoking can damage your health.
3.  It could be very lonely on the island in those days.
NB:  You can ask question about how possible things are with can / could.
Can this be true?  Could it happen?
You can also ask.
  Do you think..............will..............?
Example
Do you think they’ll come?

Modal verbs used when making offers.
If you want to do something for somebody, e.g help somebody or buy somebody a drink, you can say:
Shall I  .....................?
Can  I ......................?
Would you like ..................?

Examples
1.  I’ll carry that for you.
2.  Shall I do the washing up?
3.  Can I give you a lift?
4.  Would you like a cup of coffee?

You can answer these questions with 
Thank you
Yes, please
No, thank you 
No, thanks
More examples
1.  I’ll pay for this   - Thank you.
2.  Shall I open the window?  -  Yes,  please.

Modal verbs giving advice
If you want to advise someone what  to do 
Can say 
You must ............
You should.....................
You ought to  ......................
“Must is stronger than “should” and “ought to”

Examples
1.  You must buy a new suitcase.
2.  You should be more careful.
3.  You ought to eat more fruit.
If you want to advise somebody not to do something you can say:
You must not  .... ( mustn’t)  ......
You should not ( shouldn’t) .....
   Examples
1.  You mustn’t smoke so much.
2.  You shouldn’t ask so many questions.
NB: “Mustn’t” is stronger than “shouldn’t”
“Oughtn’t”  is very uncommon.

CONJUNCTIONS 
As soon as/ immediately / the moment 
Examples 
1.	The dog started barking when it saw us 
2.	As soon as the dog saw us it started barking 
3.	The dog started barking as soon as it saw us
4.	Immediately the dog saw us it started barking 
5.	The dog started barking immediately it saw us 
6.	The moment the dog barking the moment it saw us 
Activity 
Use as soon as / immediately / the moment at the beginning and in the middle of the sentence
1.	When the president arrived, it started raining.
2.	The teacher left the classroom. The children began shouting 
3.	My father opened the door. The thief entered the house 
4.	I saw a snake when I entered my bedroom
5.	John run to the bush on seeing his father 
6.	The guest of honour arrived and the national anthem was sung.
7.	When the baby saw her long lost mother she started crying 
8.	As he switched on the Tv he got a serous shock 
9.	He died instantly after being shot at 
10.	The rebels crossed the border. The army ambushed them 
……..and so…….
This structure is used with affirmative sentences 
Examples 
Mum sent me a birthday gift. Dad sent me a birthday gift 
Mum sent me a birthday gift and so did Dad
Wasswa can drive a car. Kato can also drive a car 
Wasswa can drive a car and so can Kato 
The teacher is going on a tour. The pupils are going on a tour 
The teacher is going on a tour and so are the pupils.
Activity 
Use:……and so….. in these sentences
1.	Peter is a lazy pupil. Mary is a lazy pupil 
2.	Jesca wants something to drink. Ritah wants something to drink
3.	The boys do their work well. The girls do their work well
4.	Annet has gone home. Tom has gone home 
5.	The doctor has a car. The nurses also have cars
6.	Mother is going to the market. Other ladies are going to the market
7.	Gilbert ate an apple. Henry ate an apple 
8.	The men have finished their work. The women have finished their work 
9.	Musa is going to school. Ali is going to school 
10.	The dog was killed. The cat was killed 
…….and neither……
The structure is used with negative statements
Examples 
1.	Peter will not give you the money. James will not give you the money 
Peter will not give you the money and neither will James
2.	They don’t eat meat everyday. We don’t eat meat everyday 
They don’t eat every day and neither do we 
3.	Moses is not allowed to come in Simon is not allowed come in
Moses is not allowed to come in and neither is Simon 

Activity 
Use…..and neither……/ in these statements 
1.	The baby did not drink the milk. Paul did not drink the milk.
2.	The cat could not sleep. The dog could not sleep
3.	Our teacher will not go to the party. Our headmaster will not go to the party 
4.	A cow is not dangerous. A goat is not dangerous 
5.	Kijambu was not a good lawyer. Kyeye was not a good lawyer
6.	Nathan does not eat pork. I do not eat pork
7.	Mercy has not failed the test. Moses has not failed the test 
8.	The sea is not shallow. The lake is not shallow 
9.	Peter did not go to the market. Amon did not go to the marked 
10.	You must not smoke. She must not smoke 

The ………the …….(double comparative) 
We use two clauses where each starts with the followed by an adjective in comparative degree
Examples
1.	As you go high, it becomes cool
2.	The higher you go, the cooler it becomes 
3.	When you grow old, you become wise
4.	The older you grow, the wiser you become 
5.	If it is done soon, it will be good 
6.	The sooner it is done, the better it will be 
Activity 
Use ..the ….the….in these sentences 
1.	If you do little work, you will get little money 
2.	When they give us more food, we shall become happy 
3.	If the chairs are comfortable they will have a big market 
4.	When the shop grew big, the  business became busy 
5.	When the sun shines more it becomes hot 
6.	If your goods are not important they will be cheap 
7.	As you stood far, you became small
8.	If you come early you will be busy 
9.	Let the food be expensive you will pay more money 
10.	However much the teacher talked, I didn’t understand 
11.	Kwizera is strong. He won’t be defeated 
12.	The headmaster has many words and his talk will take us far

………looking forward to……
Examples 
The P7 pupils will do their PLE in November 
The P7 pupils are looking forward to doing their PLE in November 
Ntambi will visit his relatives next month 
Ntambi is looking forward to visiting his relatives next month

Activity 
Use ……..looking forward to …in these sentences 
1.	I shall come back tomorrow 
2.	The children will complete their work in time 
3.	We shall be leaving for Nairobi next week
4.	I shall be sitting my final examinations next month
5.	The boy will clean the blackboard after the lesson 
6.	Elizabeth will get a big prize at the party 
7.	If the pupils will attend the headmaster’s birthday party 
8.	We shall receive our letters tomorrow morning 
9.	The patients will recover before next week 
10.	They will be learning French next year 
11.	We shall go to P6 next term 
12.	I will inform him about our plan 
…….as long as…./ …..so long as…../ ……..provided….
Examples 
1.	You will catch the earliest bus if you wake up early
2.	As long as you wake up early, you will catch the earliest bus 
3.	You will catch the earliest bus as long as you wake up early
4.	So long you wake up early you will catch the earliest bus.
5.	You will catch the earliest bus so long as you wake up early 
6.	Provided you wake up early, you will catch the earliest bus 
7.	You will catch the earliest bus provided you wake up early 

Activity 
Use as long as/ so long as/ provided both at the beginning and in the middle of these sentences 
1.	If Juma comes we shall go with him 
2.	Metals expand if you heat them 
3.	If  you get a first grade you will join a good school
4.	I shall buy a car when I get money 
5.	If he goes his father will be sad
6.	Geoffrey will find you here if you delay 
7.	If you come early, you will pass with no punishment 
8.	The road will be muddy if it rains heavily 
9.	If that girl misbehaves the headteacher will expel her

Not only………but also 
Examples 
The goat is sick. It has a broken leg
Not  only is the goat sick but also has a broken leg
The goat is not only sick but also has a broken leg 
He is my best friend. He is my agemate 
Not only is he my agemate but also my best friend 
He is not only my best fried but also my agemate 

Activity 
Use not only………but also both at the beginning and in the middle of these sentence 
1.	Cows provide us with milk. They give us hides 
2.	The robbers stoles his money. They killed him 
3.	They picked the money. They took all of it 
4.	The soldier shot him. The soldier killed him 
5.	The boys watched the play on the stage. The boys watched the play on a screen 
6.	He ate beef. He ate chicken 
7.	Nkanji is a lawyer 
8.	Forest give us timber. Forests give us herbs
9.	He caned the thief. He handed him over to the police 
10.	She respects her teacher. She respects her class monitor 

Hardly had…./ scarcely / barely had. No sooner had
Examples 
Musa stood up immediately the bell rank 
Hardly had the bell run when Musa stood up 
Scarcely had the bell run when Musa stood up 

PROVERBS 
Proverbs are popular sayings in a clever brief manner.
Examples
1.  A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
2.  A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
3.  A drowning man will clutch at a straw.
4.  A fool and his money are soon parted.
5.  A friend in need is a friend indeed.
6.  A hungry man is an angry man.
7.  All’s well that ends well.
8.  An apple a day keeps the doctor away.
9.  Any time means no time.
10.  A miss is as good as a mile.
11.  A penny saves is a penny gained.
12.  A tolling stone gathers no moss.
13.  A stitch in time saves nine.
14.  A small leak will sink a great ship.
15.  As you make your bed so you must lie in it.
16.  A wild goose never laid a tame egg.
17.  Half a loaf is better than no bread.
18.  Better late than never.
19.  Birds of the same feather flock together.
20.  Charity begins at home but should not end there.
21.  Cut your coat according to your cloth.
22.  Don’t carry all your eggs in one basket.
23.  Early to bed, early to rise.
24.  Every cloud has a silver lining.
25.  Every dog has its day.
26.  Exchange is no robbery.
27.  Fine feathers make fine birds.
28.  First come , first served.
29.  Forbidden fruit tastes sweetest.
30.  Great minds think alike.
31.  Half a loaf is better than non.
32.  Little boys should be seen not heard.
33.  Laugh and grow fat.
34.  Habit is second nature.
35.  Listeners hear no good of themselves.
36.  Let not the pot call the kettle black.
37.  Look before you leap.
38.  Make hay while the sun shines.
39.  Necessity is the mother of invention.
40.  New brooms sweep clean.
41.  No news is good news.
42.  No smoke without fire.
43.  One good turn deserves another.
44.  One man’s meat is another man’s poison.
45.  Out of sight, out of mind. 
46.  Out of the frying pan into the fire.
47.  Sauce for the goose is sauce for the gender.
48.  Set a thief to catch a thief.
49. Still waters run deep.
50.  The early bird catches the bird.
51.  Too many cooks spoil the broth.
52.  Two head are better than one.
53.  Where there’s a will there’s a way.
54.  When the cat’s a way the mice will play.

The sentences in group A are the beginning of ten proverbs.  Give each beginning in group A its correct ending in group B.

A	B
1.  Prevention is 	without pain
2.  Out of frying pan	is no robbery 
3.  Better be alone	according to your cloth 
4.  A rolling stone	better than cure.
5.  Exchange	and spoil the child.
6.  Spare the rod	into fire
7.  One good turn	the mice will play.
8.  When the cat is away	gathers no moss
9.  No gains	than ill company 
10.  cut your coat	deserves another

Complete the following proverbs
a.  ...............................................saves nine.
b.  Empty  tins  ............................................................
c.  ...........................................................is enough.
d.  ............................................makes perfect.
e.  All is well .........................................................................  .
f.  ......................................................seldom bite.
g.  A fool and his money  ............................................................
h.  ....................................................................is the mother of invention.
i.  Actions  ...............................................................................  .
j.  ...............................................is better than riches.

Find a suitable proverb to summarise each of the stories below.
a.  When Mary joined our school last term, she was very poor at spoken English.  Although many pupils laughed at her mistakes, she kept on trying over and over again.  After one year, she is now the best English speaker at school.
Proverb:  ............................................................................................................

b.  Mugisha started collecting used clothes give to the poor.  He thought he would not get a big collection.  He collected a few clothes each month but after to years, he now has a big collection of used clothes.
Proverbs:  ........................................................................................
c.  Obonyo used to steal our books and pens from our bags.  When our class teacher talked to him about the evils of being a thief, he stopped the bad habit.
Proverbs:  .....................................................................................................
d.  Most of the girls in our class said thet Birungi didn’t know how to play netball.  But Birungi said that she would not argue with them.  “Let us go to the netball pitch and play, then you will see whether I know netball or not” said Birungi.  At the end of the match, Birungi was selected as the best netball in the school.
Proverb:  .......................................................................................................

SYNONYMS
Abandon   -  leave					denounce  -  condemn
Abbreviate  - shorten				desert  - forsake
Abrupt     -    sudden				diminish  -	lessen
Abundant   -  plentiful				drowsy   -  sleepy 
Accurate  -	correct				edible   -  eatable
Ample	-	plentiful				encircle  -  surround
Annual   -  yearly 					endeavour  -  attempt
Assistance  -  help					energetic   -  active
Brief     -  short 					enormous  -  huge
Cease   -  stop					excavate  -  dig 
Centre   -  middle  				frigid      -  cold
Circular  -  round 					generous  -  kind
Commence -  begin				gratitude  -  thankfulness
Compel    -  force					grave    -   serious 
Comprehend  -  understand 			indolent   -  lazy 
Conceal      -  hide 				industrious  -  busy 
Courteous   -  polite                                   insane    -  mad
Deceive     -  cheat                                    intention  -  purpose
Deficiency  -  shortage                               interior    -  inside 
Demonstrate  -  show  				intoxicated  - drunk   
Lubricate – oil					peruse    - read
Margin  -  edge 					procure  -  obtain 
Maximum  - most 					prohibit  -  forbid
Minimum  -  least 					prompt  -  quick 
Moist   -  damp					rare       -   scarce
Motionless  -  still					reckless  -  rash  
Necessity   -  need 				recollect   -  remember
Odour      -  smell					regret       -  sorrow
Omen     -  sign 					reluctant   -  un willing
Option   -  choice					reveal      -   show  
Pathetic   -  pitiful					scanty    -  scarce  
Penetrate   -  pierce  				slender  - slim 
Perceive  -  see					stationary  -  still 
Sufficient  -  enough				unite   -  join 
Wealthy   -  rich					youth  -  young 
Pretty – beautiful 					tested – tried 
Courageous - brave

EVALUATION

Re – write the sentences using a simpler word in place of each underlined word.
1.  Her rings were  abundant  in the North sea.
2.  A heavy meal tend to make one drowsy.
3.  Every Saturday Dennis lubricates his bicycle.
4.  The bungalow has been vacant for sometime.
5.  The minister of finance reads the budget annually.
6.  “Don’t conceal that information,” said the policeman 
7.  Last year’s P.L.E was very difficult.
8.  What is the maximum temperature of a day in a desert?
9.  AIDS has no remedy.
Write the words similar in meaning to the following.
11.  Perceive   				12.  obstinate
13.  reluctant				14.  rare
15.  prohibit					16.  demonstrate
17.  deceive 				18.  brief
19.  ample					20.  comprehend  

HOMOPHONES
Homophones are words pronounced in the same way but differ in meaning.

Example
Break  - brake			right	-write			tail  - tale
Meat   -  meet			read  - reed			steal  - steel
Bare  - bear 			practice  - practice		weak  - week 
Blew  -  blue			sell  - sale			through – threw
Cell  -  sell				oar  -  ore			their  -  there
Dairy  -  diary 			missed  - mist		pray  - prey 
Stationery  -  stationary		fair   -  fare			peace  -  piece
Scene   -  seen 			dear  - deer			sew  - sow 
See    -  sea 			led  - lead  			

Use the following words in your own sentences to show that you understand their meanings.
1.  peace 			7.  hour		11.  sun		15.  week 
2.  piece			8.  our		12.  son		16.  weak 
3.  root			9.  there		13.  die		17.  hymn
4.  route			10.  their		14.  dye		18.  him
5.  knew			
6.  new
20.  practice  

ANALOGIES
Analogies are word which show some similarity.

Example
1.  Cat is to kitten as sheep is to lamb.
2.  Sheep are to flock as wolves are to pack.
3.  Dog is to paw as horse is to hoof.
4.  Food is to famine as water is to drought.
5.  Uncle is to nephew as aunt is to niece
6.  Husband is to wife as king is to queen.
7.  Nose is to smell as tongue is to taste.
8.  Knife is to cut as gun is to shoot.
9.  Walk is to legs as fly is to wings.
10.  Arrow is to bow as bullet is to rifle.
11.  Father is to son as mother is to daughter.
12.  Water is to food as liquid is to solid.
13.  Rich is to poor as ancient is to modern.
14.  Trees is to forest as sheep is to flock.
15.  Whisper is to shout as walk is to run.
16.  Hearing is to ear as sight is to eye.
17.  Statue is to sculptor as book is to author.
18.  Table is to wood as window is to plane.
19.  Bee is to hive as cow is to byre.
20.  One is to dozen as dozen is to gross.

EVALUATION  

1.  Boy is to girl as  ...........................is to girl guide.
2.  Kampala is to Uganda as Kigali is to  ............................
3.  Cow is to beef as pig is to  ..............................................
4.  Calf is to elephant as  ................................is to goat.
5.  Oval is to egg as  ...............................is to orange
6.  Steam is to  ............................................. as smoke is to fire.
7.  Eat is to  ...................................as go as to went.
8.  Day is to week as  ..................................is to year.
9.  Flock is to  ....................................as herd is to cattle.
10.  Drive is to car as  ....................................is to aeroplane.
11.  .............................is to cols as seldom is to often.
12.  ....................................is to donkey as neigh is to horse.
13.  ................................are to birds as scales are to fish.
14.  Wing is to bird as fin is to  ........................................
15.  North is to  .......................................as east is to west.  

Using “  When  did  ......?  

From questions to the given statements.
Examples
1.  When did Musa pin up the information on the notice board?
Musa pinned up the information on the noticeboard on Monday.

COMPREHENSION UNITS 5 AND 6 
PEACE AND SECURITY 
Vocabulary 
Peace, security, judge, magistrate, report, statement, offence, offend, handcuff, crime, cell, arrest, court, police station, police post, army, barracks, case, court, witness, defense, gun, arrows
Using the vocabulary words to construct meaningful sentences 

Passage
Report to the police for help Mk bk5 new curriculum pg 204 – 206

Guided composition 
Keeping law and order Mk bk new curriculum pg 208 

Dialogue 
Speak out! Mk bk 5 new curriculum pg 203

Banking 
Vocabulary 
Account, ATM card, automated teller, machine, balance, bank, bank manager, bank statement, bounce, cashier, cheque, credit, deposit, withdraw, withdrawal form, forge, pass book, safe, teller, bank book, save, cheque book, savings, money 

Using the vocabulary words to construct meaningful sentences

Passage
My own bank account Mk bk 5 new curriculum pg 221

Bankslip Mk bk5 old curriculum page 210

Dialogue 
Keep your money in the right place Mk bk 5 new curriculum pg 220